First five presidents

George Washington

Domestic Policies Creation of the Cabinet to help make decisions. Suppression of the Whiskey Rebellion

Whiskey Rebellion Congress imposed a tax on the manufacture of Whiskey (1791) Enraged Western farmers Whiskey was used as a medium of exchange 1794 – A rebellion erupted Western Pennsylvania farmers terrorized tax collectors, stopped court proceedings, robbed the mail, destroyed whiskey-making stills Establish the authority of the federal government Sent 15,000 troops to crush the Whiskey Rebellion. Huge army caused rebels to disperse without a fight.

Foreign Policies French Revolution erupted in 1789 Jay’s Treaty Federalists – opposed the French Democratic-Republicans – supported the French Jay’s Treaty Pinckney’s Treaty

Jay’s Treaty British navy began intercepting all neutral ships carrying goods to French. Did not want to fight Britain/U.S. Jay’s Treaty: Britain had the right to seize cargoes bound for French ports Issue submitted to international arbitration U.S.: Most-favored nation status (merchants not discriminated against)

Pinckney’s Treaty Negotiations with Spain (still controlled Florida, and West of the Mississippi) AKA Treaty of San Lorenzo Granted the United States the right to navigate the Mississippi and to deposit goods at the port of New Orleans. **CONTROL OF THE MISSISSIPPI**

Washington’s Farewell Address Warned against: Sectionalism – to avoid dividing the country into North against South or East against West. Warned against: Political Parties Warned against: Foreign Relations

John Adams

Domestic Policies Alien and Sedition Acts Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions

Alien & Sedition Acts Aliens – people living in the country who were not citizens Many recent immigrants were from France (anti-British) would vote for Democratic-Republicans. Made immigrants wait 14 years before becoming citizens (to weaken Republican support) Gave the president power to deport any alien deemed dangerous to the U.S. Sedition – incitement to rebellion. Federal crime to utter or print anything “false,scandalous” against the government.

Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions The idea that since states had created the Constitution, they could declare federal laws unconstitutional Interposition – stop the illegal action by the federal government. Nullification – the states could nullify (declare invalid) any federal law Secretly written by Jefferson and Madison (against Alien & Sedition Acts)

Foreign Policy XYZ Affair Quasi-War: France had begun stopping American ships and seizing their goods if they were going to Britain Undeclared war at sea: suspended trade with France and directed navy to capture armed French ships.

XYZ Affair Neutrality toward conflict in Europe French navy was seizing American ships at sea. French diplomats (identified as X,Y,Z) demanded bribes for their assistance in stopping the French government.

Election of 1800

Turning Point Federalists had controlled the army, presidency, and Congress Power could be peacefully transferred between parties. Adams (Federalist)  Jefferson (Democratic-Republican)

Thomas Jefferson

Domestic Policies Marbury v. Madison Louisiana Purchase Lewis and Clark Expedition

Louisiana Purchase The U.S. bought Louisiana from France for $11.25 million. U.S. more than doubled in size Gained control of entire Mississippi

Lewis and Clark Expedition Secret expedition to find a route to the Pacific Ocean Chose: Meriweather Lewis (private secretary) and William Clark to lead the expedition

Foreign Policies Concerned with keeping the U.S. out of the war between Britain and France Napoleon had crowned himself Emperor of France Impressment of American sailors and cargo ships delivering goods to France.

James Madison

Domestic Policies Native Americans in the Great Lake regions were persuaded by leader (Tecumseh) to fight the settlers.

Foreign Policies War of 1812 – defending U.S. rights at sea

James Monroe

Domestic Policies “Era of Good Feelings” - harmony in national politics – The Republicans Sectional disputes – Slavery: Missouri Compromise Party Politics – Democratic-Republican party split McCulloch v. Maryland Gibbons v. Ogden

Foreign Policies Monroe Doctrine – Western Hemisphere was closed to any further colonization by a European power U.S. would firmly oppose attempts by a European power to intervene in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere The U.S. would not involve itself politically in the affairs of Europe Isolationist/Neutral Sentiment