Drifting Towards Disunion Chapter 19 1854-1861

How Did We Get Here? Stephen Douglas – wanted to break deadlock over western expansion Status will be decided by popular sovereignty Problem: violates Missouri Compromise North begins to ignore Compromise of 1850, too (Fugitive Slave Law) Kansas-Nebraska Act passed  1854 Free-Soilers (Lawrence) v. Border Ruffians (Shawnee Mission)

Bleeding Kansas 1856  Pro Slavery raiders attack abolitionists Pottawatomie Creek Massacre John Brown and supporters hack five Border Ruffians to death with swords Violence continues through entirety of war 1857- Statehood Lecompton Constitution  vote “with slavery” or “without slavery” Protected those with slaves already Abolitionists boycott Kansas remains territory until 1861

Other “Titbits” Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) Harriet Beecher Stowe The Impending Crisis of the South (1857) Hinton R. Helper Charles Sumner (Senator/Abolitionist) gives speech, insults Andrew Butler (SC) Sumner beaten by Preston Brooks Panic of 1857 – inflation/speculation Affects North, South protected by cotton Homestead Act proposed (160 acres) Rejected by South

The Republican Party & Election of 1856 Formerly organized on July 6th, 1854 in Jackson, Michigan United in opposition to Kansas-Nebraska Act Keeping slavery out of the territories Conservative and radical factions Democrats – James Buchanan Wins with 45% popular vote Republicans – John C. Fremont Strong showing 33% Know-Nothings – Millard Fillmore 22% of popular vote Whig party splits/dissolves Buchanan – Pro South

The Dred Scott Decision (1857) Slave whose owner took him to live in free territory for several years. Sued owner for freedom Supreme Court  Scott was ‘private property’, did not have right to sue Used Fifth Amendment (cannot deprive people of their property) ALSO: Missouri Compromise was UNCONSTITUTIONAL Congress had no power to ban slavery from territories Infuriated Abolitionists, free-soilers, supporters of popular sovereignty

Well I’ll be John Brown… Radical Abolitionist 1859 – Raid on Federal Arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, VA Goal – Arm slaves, lead violent uprising Seizes facility but did not have enough support Captured, sentenced to death, hanged Became martyr for abolitionists "His zeal in the cause of my race was far greater than mine—it was as the burning sun to my taper light—mine was bounded by time, his stretched away to the boundless shores of eternity. I could live for the slave, but he could die for him.“ – Frederick Douglass

Lincoln/Douglas Debates Illinois Senate seat (1858) Seven debates Lincoln: “What if the people of a territory should vote down slavery?” Douglas  Freeport Doctrine in spite of Dred Scott, slavery could be excluded from territories by local legislation. Angered Southerners Southern anger towards Douglas leads Democratic Party to nominate two candidates in 1860 – Douglas (North) & Breckinridge (South)

The Election of 1860 Republican Party (Lincoln) Protective Tariff (North +) Prevention of extension of slavery (Free-Soilers, Abolitionists +) Transcontinental Railroad (West +) Protection of rights for (Immigrants +) Supported Homestead Act (Farmers +) Lincoln does not appear on most ballots in South Democrats split their votes between Douglas and Breckinridge Lincoln wins with ~40% of vote

Secession! Election of Abe causes seven states to secede from Union SC, AL, MS, FL, GA, LA, TX Many expected North to accept Form Confederate States of America Jefferson Davis (MS) elected President Buchanan does nothing to prevent split Lincoln refuses Crittenden Compromise Had attempted to recreate Missouri Compromise