Introduction to Programming Lecture 22 Review

Bit wise Manipulation and Assignment Operator

a = a + 1 ; a += 1 ;

Bit Manipulation Operators &= Bitwise AND Assignment Operator |= Bitwise OR Assignment Operator ^= Bitwise Exclusive OR Assignment Operator

Assignment Operator a &= b ; Same as a = a & b ;

Assignment Operator a |= b ; Same as a = a | b ;

Assignment Operator a ^= b ; Same as a = a ^ b ;

Design Recipes PAY ATTENTION TO DETAIL Analyze a problem statement, typically expressed as a word problem Express its essence, abstractly and with examples Formulate statements and comments in a precise language Evaluate and revise the activities in the light of checks and tests. PAY ATTENTION TO DETAIL

Variables

Symbolic Names x i BasicPay HouseRent

Data types Whole numbers: Real Numbers (with decimal points) int, short, long, unsigned Real Numbers (with decimal points) float, double Character data char

int = 4 bytes char = 1 byte

ASCII Table

Arrays Collection of same data types

Arithmetic Operators Plus + Minus - Multiply * Divide / Modulus %

Modulus Operator a % b ; 7 % 2 = 1 ; 100 % 20 = 0 ;

Compound Arithmetic Operators += -= *= /= %=

Compound Arithmetic Operators a = a + b ; a += b ;

Logical Operators AND && OR ||

a < b ; a <= b ; a == b ; a >= b ; a > b ; Comparison Operators a < b ; a <= b ; a == b ; a >= b ; a > b ;

a = b;

if ( a = b ) //Wrong //Logical Error

a > b ; a >= b ;

Bit wise Operators Bit wise AND & (Binary) Bit wise OR | (Binary) Bit wise Exclusive OR ^ (Binary) NOT ~ (unary)

Sequential Construct Decision Construct Loop Construct

If-statement if ( condition ) { statement ( s ) ; }

If-else if ( condition ) { statement ( s ) ; } else

if ( a > b && c < d )

Nested if statements

if ( condition ) { statement ( s ) ; }

While Loops while ( a > b ) { statement ( s ) ; }

While Loops While loop executes zero or more times

Do - while do { statement ( s ) ; } while ( condition ) ;

Do-while loop executes one or more times

For Loops for ( i = 0 ; i < 10 ; i ++ ; ) { statement ( s ) ; }

i = i + 1 ; i += 1 ; i ++ ;

Switch Statement

break ; continue ;

Functions

Call by value Call by reference

Arrays

Arrays int a [ 10 ] ; a [ 0 ] ; : a [ 9 ] ;

Pointers

Memory address of a variable is stored inside a pointer Pointers Memory address of a variable is stored inside a pointer

Files and their Input / Output systems