Exceptions & exception handling

Exceptions & exception handling Use sparingly. Things you can do with exceptions: Define a new exception class. Create an exception instance. Throw an exception. Declare that an exception may be thrown (in a particular function). Handle the possibility that an exception may be thrown.

Exceptions & exception handling Use sparingly. Things you can do with exceptions: Define a new exception class. Create an exception instance. Throw an exception. Declare that an exception may be thrown (in a particular function). Handle the possibility that an exception may be thrown.

1. Define a new exception class extend Exception (or extend a subclass of Exception) See http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5.0/docs/api/java/lang/Exception.html. This creates a new type. All have a ctor w/ a single String arg. Each has an accessor method called getMessage() that returns the String from the ctor arg.

Define a new exception class example //typical sample code public class DivisionByZeroException extends Exception { public DivisionByZeroException ( ) { super( “Division by zero!” ); } public DivisionByZeroException ( String message ) { super( message );

Define a new exception class example (w/ more information) public class BadNumberException extends Exception { private int mBadNumber; public BadNumberException ( ) { super( “BadNumberException” ); } public BadNumberException ( String message ) { super( message ); public BadNumberException ( int number ) { super( “BadNumberException” ); mBadNumber = number; } public int getBadNumber ( ) { return mBadNumber;

Exceptions & exception handling Use sparingly. Things you can do with exceptions: Define a new exception class. Create an exception instance. Throw an exception. Declare that an exception may be thrown (in a particular function). Handle the possibility that an exception may be thrown.

2. Create an exception instance new Exception( “Uh oh!” ); Exception e = new Exception( “Rats!” );

Exceptions & exception handling Use sparingly. Things you can do with exceptions: Define a new exception class. Create an exception instance. Throw an exception. Declare that an exception may be thrown (in a particular function). Handle the possibility that an exception may be thrown.

3. Throw an exception Ex. throw new Exception( “Invalid value.” ); Exception e = new Exception( “Invalid age.” ); throw e;

Exceptions & exception handling Use sparingly. Things you can do with exceptions: Define a new exception class. Create an exception instance. Throw an exception. Declare that an exception may be thrown (in a particular function). Handle the possibility that an exception may be thrown.

4. Declare (a method that indicates) that an exception may be thrown public int f ( int x ) throws Exception { … }

Exceptions & exception handling Use sparingly. Things you can do with exceptions: Define a new exception class. Create an exception instance. Throw an exception. Declare that an exception may be thrown (in a particular function). Handle the possibility that an exception may be thrown.

5. Handle the possibility that an exception may be thrown The try-catch blocks: try { … } catch (Exception e) { }

Exercises

Exercises 1. What is the output produced by the following code? int waitTime = 46; try { System.out.println( “Try block entered.” ); if (waitTime>30) throw new Exception( “Over 30.” ); else if (waitTime<30) throw new Exception( “Under 30.” ); else System.out.println( “No exception.” ); System.out.println( “Leaving try block.” ); } catch (Exception thrownObject) { System.out.println( thrownObject.getMessage() ); } System.out.println( “After catch block.” );

Exercises 1. What is the output produced by the following code? int waitTime = 46; try { System.out.println( “Try block entered.” ); if (waitTime>30) throw new Exception( “Over 30.” ); else if (waitTime<30) throw new Exception( “Under 30.” ); else System.out.println( “No exception.” ); System.out.println( “Leaving try block.” ); } catch (Exception thrownObject) { System.out.println( thrownObject.getMessage() ); } System.out.println( “After catch block.” ); Try block entered. Over 30. After catch block.

Exercises 2. What is the output produced by the following code? int waitTime = 12; try { System.out.println( “Try block entered.” ); if (waitTime>30) throw new Exception( “Over 30.” ); else if (waitTime<30) throw new Exception( “Under 30.” ); else System.out.println( “No exception.” ); System.out.println( “Leaving try block.” ); } catch (Exception thrownObject) { System.out.println( thrownObject.getMessage() ); } System.out.println( “After catch block.” );

Exercises 2. What is the output produced by the following code? int waitTime = 12; try { System.out.println( “Try block entered.” ); if (waitTime>30) throw new Exception( “Over 30.” ); else if (waitTime<30) throw new Exception( “Under 30.” ); else System.out.println( “No exception.” ); System.out.println( “Leaving try block.” ); } catch (Exception thrownObject) { System.out.println( thrownObject.getMessage() ); } System.out.println( “After catch block.” ); Try block entered. Under 30. After catch block.

Exercises 3. What are the throw statements (below)? int waitTime = 12; try { System.out.println( “Try block entered.” ); if (waitTime>30) throw new Exception( “Over 30.” ); else if (waitTime<30) throw new Exception( “Under 30.” ); else System.out.println( “No exception.” ); System.out.println( “Leaving try block.” ); } catch (Exception thrownObject) { System.out.println( thrownObject.getMessage() ); } System.out.println( “After catch block.” );

Exercises 3. What are the throw statements (below)? int waitTime = 12; try { System.out.println( “Try block entered.” ); if (waitTime>30) throw new Exception( “Over 30.” ); else if (waitTime<30) throw new Exception( “Under 30.” ); else System.out.println( “No exception.” ); System.out.println( “Leaving try block.” ); } catch (Exception thrownObject) { System.out.println( thrownObject.getMessage() ); } System.out.println( “After catch block.” );

Exercises 4. What happens when a throw statement is executed? This is a general question. Tell what happens in general, not simply what happens in the code below or some other sample code. int waitTime = 12; try { System.out.println( “Try block entered.” ); if (waitTime>30) throw new Exception( “Over 30.” ); else if (waitTime<30) throw new Exception( “Under 30.” ); else System.out.println( “No exception.” ); System.out.println( “Leaving try block.” ); } catch (Exception thrownObject) { System.out.println( thrownObject.getMessage() ); } System.out.println( “After catch block.” );

Exercises 5. What is the try block (below)? int waitTime = 12; try { System.out.println( “Try block entered.” ); if (waitTime>30) throw new Exception( “Over 30.” ); else if (waitTime<30) throw new Exception( “Under 30.” ); else System.out.println( “No exception.” ); System.out.println( “Leaving try block.” ); } catch (Exception thrownObject) { System.out.println( thrownObject.getMessage() ); } System.out.println( “After catch block.” );

Exercises 5. What is the try block (below)? int waitTime = 12; try { System.out.println( “Try block entered.” ); if (waitTime>30) throw new Exception( “Over 30.” ); else if (waitTime<30) throw new Exception( “Under 30.” ); else System.out.println( “No exception.” ); System.out.println( “Leaving try block.” ); } catch (Exception thrownObject) { System.out.println( thrownObject.getMessage() ); } System.out.println( “After catch block.” );

Exercises 6. What is the catch block (below)? int waitTime = 12; try { System.out.println( “Try block entered.” ); if (waitTime>30) throw new Exception( “Over 30.” ); else if (waitTime<30) throw new Exception( “Under 30.” ); else System.out.println( “No exception.” ); System.out.println( “Leaving try block.” ); } catch (Exception thrownObject) { System.out.println( thrownObject.getMessage() ); } System.out.println( “After catch block.” );

Exercises 6. What is the catch block (below)? int waitTime = 12; try { System.out.println( “Try block entered.” ); if (waitTime>30) throw new Exception( “Over 30.” ); else if (waitTime<30) throw new Exception( “Under 30.” ); else System.out.println( “No exception.” ); System.out.println( “Leaving try block.” ); } catch (Exception thrownObject) { System.out.println( thrownObject.getMessage() ); } System.out.println( “After catch block.” );

Exercises 7. What is the catch block parameter (below)? int waitTime = 12; try { System.out.println( “Try block entered.” ); if (waitTime>30) throw new Exception( “Over 30.” ); else if (waitTime<30) throw new Exception( “Under 30.” ); else System.out.println( “No exception.” ); System.out.println( “Leaving try block.” ); } catch (Exception thrownObject) { System.out.println( thrownObject.getMessage() ); } System.out.println( “After catch block.” );

Exercises 7. What is the catch block parameter (below)? int waitTime = 12; try { System.out.println( “Try block entered.” ); if (waitTime>30) throw new Exception( “Over 30.” ); else if (waitTime<30) throw new Exception( “Under 30.” ); else System.out.println( “No exception.” ); System.out.println( “Leaving try block.” ); } catch (Exception thrownObject) { System.out.println( thrownObject.getMessage() ); } System.out.println( “After catch block.” );

Exercises 8. Is the following legal? Exception exceptionObject = new Exception( “Oops!” );

Exercises Yes. 8. Is the following legal? Exception exceptionObject = new Exception( “Oops!” ); Yes.

Exercises 9. Is the following legal? Exception exceptionObject = new Exception( “Oops!” ); throw exceptionObject;

Exercises 9. Is the following legal? Exception exceptionObject = new Exception( “Oops!” ); throw exceptionObject; class test { public static void main ( String[] s ) { Exception exceptionObject = new Exception( "Oops!" ); throw exceptionObject; } We need to do one more thing to get it to compile! javac test.java test.java:6: unreported exception java.lang.Exception; must be caught or declared to be thrown throw exceptionObject; ^ 1 error

Exercises 9. Is the following legal? Exception exceptionObject = new Exception( “Oops!” ); throw exceptionObject; class test { public static void main ( String[] s ) throws Exception { Exception exceptionObject = new Exception( "Oops!" ); throw exceptionObject; } class test { public static void main ( String[] s ) throws Exception { Exception exceptionObject = new Exception( "Oops!" ); try { throw exceptionObject; } catch (Exception e) { } }

Try-catch blocks examples Recall the Integer class (see http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5.0/docs/api/java/lang/Integer.html). What method do we use to convert a String into an int? What happens if the String does not contain an int? Try it. What happens when we walk off of the end of an array? Can you avoid this behavior?

Useful exception subclasses ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException NumberFormatException IOException NoSuchMethodException FileNotFoundException

Exercises 10. Define an exception class called PowerFailureException. The class should have a ctor w/ no parameters. If an exception is thrown with this zero-argument ctor, getMessage should return “Power Failure!” The class should also have a ctor w/ a single parameter of type String. If an exception is thrown w/ this ctor, then getMessage returns the value that was used as an argument to the ctor.

Exercises 10. Define an exception class called PowerFailureException. The class should have a ctor w/ no parameters. If an exception is thrown with this zero-argument ctor, getMessage should return “Power Failure!” The class should also have a ctor w/ a single parameter of type String. If an exception is thrown w/ this ctor, then getMessage returns the value that was used as an argument to the ctor.

Exercises 11. Define an exception class called TooMuchStuffException. The class should have a ctor w/ no parameters. If an exception is thrown with this zero-argument ctor, getMessage should return “Too much stuff!” The class should also have a ctor w/ a single parameter of type String. If an exception is thrown w/ this ctor, then getMessage returns the value that was used as an argument to the ctor.

Exercises 12. Suppose the exception class ExerciseException is defined as follows: public class ExerciseException extends Exception { public ExerciseException ( ) { super("Exercise Exception thrown!"); System.out.println("Exception thrown."); } public ExerciseException ( String message ) { super(message); System.out.println( "ExerciseException invoked with an argument."); What output would be produced by the following code (which is just an exercise and not likely to occur in a program)? ExerciseException e = new ExerciseException( “Do be do” ); System.out.println( e.getMessage() );

Exercises 14. Suppose the exception class MyException is defined as follows: public class MyException extends Exception { public MyException ( ) { super("My Exception thrown!"); } public MyException ( String message ) { super("MyException: " + message); What output would be produced by the following code? int number; try { System.out.println( “try block entered” ); number = 42; if (number>0) throw new MyException( “Hi Mom!” ); System.out.println( “leaving try block” ); } catch (MyException exceptionObject) { System.out.println( exceptionObject.getMessage() ); System.out.println( “end of example.” );

Exercises 15. Suppose the exception class MyException is defined as follows: public class MyException extends Exception { public MyException ( ) { super("My Exception thrown!"); } public MyException ( String message ) { super("MyException: " + message); What output would be produced by the following code? int number; try { System.out.println( “try block entered” ); number = 42; if (number>0) throw new MyException( “Hi Mom!” ); System.out.println( “leaving try block” ); } catch (Exception exceptionObject) { //was MyException System.out.println( exceptionObject.getMessage() ); System.out.println( “end of example.” );

Exercises 16. Suppose the exception class MyException is defined as follows: public class MyException extends Exception { public MyException ( ) { super("My Exception thrown!"); } public MyException ( String message ) { super("MyException: " + message); What output would be produced by the following code? int number; try { System.out.println( “try block entered” ); number = -58; //was 42 if (number>0) throw new MyException( “Hi Mom!” ); System.out.println( “leaving try block” ); } catch (MyException exceptionObject) { System.out.println( exceptionObject.getMessage() ); System.out.println( “end of example.” );

Multiple catch blocks More general form of try-catch blocks: try { … } catch (NegativeNumberException e) { } catch (DivisionByZeroException e) { } The order of catch blocks is important as they are evaluated in sequence. So put most specific first.

Exercises int n; try { n = 42; if (n > 0) throw new Exception(); 19. What output will be produced by the following code? public class NegativeNumberException extends Exception { public NegativeNumberException ( ) super( "Negative Number Exception!“ ); } public NegativeNumberException ( String message ) super( message ); int n; try { n = 42; if (n > 0) throw new Exception(); else if (n < 0) throw new NegativeNumberException(); else System.out.println( “bingo!” ); } catch (NegativeNumberException e) { System.out.println( “first catch” ); } catch (Exception e) { System.out.println( “second catch” ); } System.out.println( “end of exercise” );

Exercises int n; try { n = -42; //was 42 if (n > 0) 20. What output will be produced by the following code? public class NegativeNumberException extends Exception { public NegativeNumberException ( ) super( "Negative Number Exception!“ ); } public NegativeNumberException ( String message ) super( message ); int n; try { n = -42; //was 42 if (n > 0) throw new Exception(); else if (n < 0) throw new NegativeNumberException(); else System.out.println( “bingo!” ); } catch (NegativeNumberException e) { System.out.println( “first catch” ); } catch (Exception e) { System.out.println( “second catch” ); } System.out.println( “end of exercise” );

Exercises int n; try { n = 0; //was 42 if (n > 0) 21. What output will be produced by the following code? public class NegativeNumberException extends Exception { public NegativeNumberException ( ) super( "Negative Number Exception!“ ); } public NegativeNumberException ( String message ) super( message ); int n; try { n = 0; //was 42 if (n > 0) throw new Exception(); else if (n < 0) throw new NegativeNumberException(); else System.out.println( “bingo!” ); } catch (NegativeNumberException e) { System.out.println( “first catch” ); } catch (Exception e) { System.out.println( “second catch” ); } System.out.println( “end of exercise” );

Exercises int n; try { n = -42; //was 42 if (n > 0) What output will be produced by the following code? public class NegativeNumberException extends Exception { public NegativeNumberException ( ) super( "Negative Number Exception!“ ); } public NegativeNumberException ( String message ) super( message ); int n; try { n = -42; //was 42 if (n > 0) throw new Exception(); else if (n < 0) throw new NegativeNumberException(); else System.out.println( “bingo!” ); } catch (Exception e) { System.out.println( “first catch” ); } catch (NegativeNumberException e) { System.out.println( “second catch” ); } System.out.println( “end of exercise” );

Throwing exceptions in methods Methods can throw exceptions, and/or call methods that throw exceptions. Catch or declare rule: Such a method must then contain a try-catch block (already discussed), and/or the function heading must specify that the method may throw an exception. The catch or declare rule is not always enforced. Checked exceptions (descendents of Exception) Unchecked exceptions (descendents of RuntimeException)

Declare (a method that indicates) that an exception may be thrown public int f ( int x ) throws Exception { … } public boolean g ( ) throws DivideByZeroException, SomeOtherException {

Useful methods that may throw exceptions What method can be used to convert strings to integers? Open a file for reading (see http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5.0/docs/api/java/io/FileInputStream.html) The Scanner class (see http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5.0/docs/api/java/util/Scanner.html#nextInt())

finally clause Most general form of try-catch-finally blocks: try { … } catch (ExceptionClass1 e) { } catch (ExceptionClass2 e) { } catch (ExceptionClassn e) { } finally { //code executed whether or not an exception was thrown }

finally clause Three cases: no exception occurs in the try block an exception occurs in the try block and is caught an exception occurs in the try block but doesn’t match any catch

Exercises 29. What is the output of the following program? What would be the output if the argument to exerciseMethod was -42 instead of 42. How about 0? public class FinallyDemo { public static void main ( String[] args ) { try { exerciseMethod( 42 ); } catch(Exception e) { System.out.println( "Caught in main.“ ); } public static void exerciseMethod ( int n ) throws Exception { if (n > 0) throw new Exception( ); else if (n < 0) throw new NegativeNumberException( ); else System.out.println( "No Exception." ); System.out.println( "Still in sampleMethod." ); } catch (NegativeNumberException e) { System.out.println( "Caught in sampleMethod." ); } finally { System.out.println( "In finally block." ); System.out.println( "After finally block." );

Exercises 22. What is the output produced by the following program? public class Exercise { public static void main ( String[] args ) { try { System.out.println( "Trying" ); sampleMethod( 98.6 ); System.out.println( "Trying after call." ); } catch(Exception e) { System.out.println( "Catching." ); } System.out.println( "End program." ); public static void sampleMethod ( double test ) throws Exception { System.out.println( "Starting sampleMethod." ); if (test < 100) throw new Exception( );

Exercises 23. What is the output produced by the following program? public class Exercise { public static void main ( String[] args ) { try { System.out.println( "Trying" ); sampleMethod( 212 ); //was 98.6 System.out.println( "Trying after call." ); } catch(Exception e) { System.out.println( "Catching." ); } System.out.println( "End program." ); public static void sampleMethod ( double test ) throws Exception { System.out.println( "Starting sampleMethod." ); if (test < 100) throw new Exception( );

Exercises 24. Correct the following method definition by adding a suitable throws clause: public static void doStuff ( int n ) { if (n<0) throw new Exception( “Negative number.” ); } 25. What happens if an exception is thrown inside a method invocation but the exception is not caught inside the method?

Exercises 30. What is the output of the following? import java.util.Scanner; import java.util.InputMismatchException; public class InputMismatchExceptionDemo { public static void main ( String[] args ) { Scanner keyboard = new Scanner( System.in ); int number = 0; //to keep compiler happy boolean done = false; while (! done) { try { System.out.println( "Enter a whole number:" ); //number = keyboard.nextInt(); done = true; } catch (InputMismatchException e) { keyboard.nextLine(); System.out.println( "Not a correctly written whole number.“ ); System.out.println( "Try again. " ); } System.out.println( "You entered " + number );

Exercises import java.util.Scanner; import java.util.InputMismatchException; public class InputMismatchExceptionDemo { public static void main ( String[] args ) { Scanner keyboard = new Scanner( System.in ); int number = 0; //to keep compiler happy boolean done = false; while (! done) { try { System.out.println( "Enter a whole number:" ); //number = keyboard.nextInt(); done = true; } catch (InputMismatchException e) { keyboard.nextLine(); System.out.print( "Not a correctly written “); System.out.println( “whole number.“ ); System.out.println( "Try again. " ); } System.out.println( "You entered " + number ); 31. Give the definition for the following method. Use code similar to this code. /** Precondition: keyboard is an object of the class Scanner that has been set up for keyboard input (as we have been doing right along). Returns: An int value entered at the keyboard. If the user enters an incorrectly formed input she or he is prompted to reenter the value. */