CANADA SHIFTS FOCUS: 1980 & BEYOND FACT: 1989: Ms. Lewis is born. MY BIRTH > CONSTITUTION

POPULAR CULTURE ‘THE 80s’ Fashion Teen Music Gen X & Y See p. 243 Fig. 8-4 X = Born after Boomers 1965-80 Y = Born 1980-2000 (Techies) Z= 2000 plus (Millennials) ‘Boomers’ = Yuppies

The Multiculturalism Act A response to huge immigration to Canada in the 1980’s– but largely European policy in schools/government etc. Also called Bill C-93 Was adopted in 1988 to provide a legal framework for multiculturalism in Canada. It aimed to reinforce racial and cultural equality with legal authority. The Act ensured that all federal institutions took into account the multicultural reality of Canada. MUTUAL RESPECT

Treaties with Aboriginal Peoples ABORIGINAL BACKGROUND Treaties with Aboriginal Peoples Settlement of the west would not be possible without treaties the Indian Act Treaty conditions were often ignored. Unkept promises =>Farm equipment, supplies, farming techniques. Reserve land often small & poor land. Gov’t dependency increased. Between 1874-1877, 7 treaties signed. Where is B.C.???? Mcdonald’s ‘Sea to Sea’ dream needed land.

1876 Indian Act 1876 = Indian Act Natives to live on reserves. Children to attend residential schools. Propaganda Video vs. Reality Video Missionaries sent to encourage treaties. 2008 Harper gave Federal Apology

Encouraged Aboriginals White Paper abandoned for ABORIGINAL CHANGES 1969 White Paper Ab. Rights & Veto Indian Act Encouraged Aboriginals To leave reserves Viewed as an attack Good enough for war…… White Paper abandoned for Red Paper – Self Gov’t, Right to Vote 1960

THE FIGHT FOR ABORIGINAL RIGHTS The Legacy of Residential Schools 1970-2008 = apologies (Church & Gov’t) Self government 1982 = Assembly of First Nations Land Claims Royal Proclamation of 1763 – How binding?? Nunavut 1999 Inuit = political control. (largest treaty ever) The Royal Commission (1991) Results – 1in 4 live in poverty, live 5.2 yrs shorter, 50 % unemployment > Canada Failed!! OAKA CRISIS Mohawks fought to protect land city council passed for a golf course

CONSTITUTION & DISCORD THE 1980 REFERENDUM / QUEBEC SOVEREIGNTY The Deal – Sovereignty with Free Trade, common currency, common tariffs. - Quebec voted NO. PATRIATING THE CONSTITUTION Trudeau wanted to change the BNA Act to give Can. Control. The Amending Formula was difficult. Problems - Provincial powers, Quebec veto, Western Prov. Change = 7 of 10 provinces that = 50 % of population. Quebec angry & protested – flags at half-mast The Notwithstanding Clause – allowed for Prov. Acts to stand even though against the Charter. TRUDEAU STEPS DOWN Turner took over Liberals but lost election to Mulroney (Conservative). Trudeau patriates constitution Without Quebec’s approval AMMENDING FORMULA: The way to actually get all the provinces to agree to a Canadian made constitution. HOW WOULD IT BE DONE? MULRONEY & THE CONSTITUTION (Continued next page)

MULRONEY & THE CONSTITUTION PM Mulroney MULRONEY & THE CONSTITUTION MEECH LAKE ACCORD Mulroney propsed: Quebec’s ‘Distinct Society’ Power to provinces – constitutional veto Critics: - Trudeau claimed ‘two solitudes’ Aboriginals also wanted ‘Distinct Society’ Man. & Nfld pulled out & Meech died Results – Quebec humiliated Bloc Quebecois formed – separatists (64%) WITH HONOUR & ENTHUSIASM -Mulroney wanted to make things right. Mulroney / Bourassa – renewed Quebec negotiations. Problem – Other prov. wanted more power. (Alberta- Oil / Nfld –Fish also Senate powers increased) Western Alienation – Bombardier / Winnipeg contract (Buy votes??) - 1995 REFERENDUM 49.4% Of Quebec voted to split. Canada was shocked!!! PM Chretien made it clear to ‘everyone’ that separation would come with a price. Clarity Act – not 50% but a ‘clear majority’ would be needed for separation. by 2000, separation seems to have declined. Note – Separatists Parizeau & Bouchard resirgned. - Martin replaced Mulroney but would lose to Harper (Conservative). CHARLOTTETOWN ACCORD Like Meech Lake but with: Aboriginal self-gov’t. Reformed Senate equal rep. From all parts of Can. to please west Canadians voted NO English felt too much power to Quebec. French felt west too much Senate & Aboriginals too power in Quebecs north.

1970 - ECONOMIC CHALLENGES ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT 1962 INFLATION Organ. Of Petro. Exporting Countries (OPEC) 1973 = Israeli / Arab war (Can & US sided with Isreal) Oil embargo = 400% increase. The price on all goods rose. Workers wanted higher wages – inflation up. Dual income families became the norm. REGIONALISM REGIONAL DISPARITY Resource provinces hit hardest / ‘Have’ ; ‘Have-nots’ Trudeau tried to help with social programs - resentments WESTERN ALIENATION The west felt Trudeau’s policies favoured east. Alberta oil prices fixed by gov’t they wanted to increase to world levels. Nat. Energy Program (NEP) to help oil issues. EXPANDING HORIZONS Trudeau tried to diversify from Amer. dominated trade. Limited success. ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT 1962 Air, water, soil, pollution Pesticides – DDT Business was slow to get on board

NEW ECONOMIC IDEAS 1980s 1980 = Recession (oil crisis/inflation/high interest rates) The 1950-60s ‘savers’ = spenders (credit cards/consumerism) FREE TRADE AGREEMENT Pros – More US $ - Open US markets - Attract US firms Cons - Lose US branch plants -Can. Business can’t compete with US - Canadian independence? Deal - 1999 = Free Trade - Protect Can. Culture?? - Fair competition?? DEBT CRISIS High unemployment = no taxes Gov’t assistance needed Public services cut Provincial Transfer Payments Cut Deficit Budgets = More Debt Trickle down effect: When Mulroney would cut taxes so that people could afford to spend which would reinvigorate the economy and create jobs. FIRA: Foreign investment review agency NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement: Including Mexico. PM MULRONEY Trickle Down Effect – Lower Taxes Stimulate Economy / Cut Services Use American $$$$ Note – Trudeau’s FIRA cut American influence 1992 = NAFTA FTA was expanded to Mexico Cheap labour controversy?

2001 - THE ATTACKS OF 9-11 2001 - WAR IN AFGHANISTAN Al-Qaeda flew four planes into US buildings. (Twin Towers x 2, Pentagon, Crashed (White House) Bush = War on Terrorism. 2001 - WAR IN AFGHANISTAN US & Brt. went after Osama bin Laden & the Taliban. UN later approved. 2001- Canada entered war – support dwindling. 2003 - THE IRAQ WAR US went after weapons of mass destruction. Many nations (Canada) not convinced & did not go. US was upset!!! No weapons found!!!! OIL??? 2011 – Osama Bin Laden located & shot by US??? (Body dumped at sea days later no pics!)

What is the cartoonist suggesting about Canada/UN’s new aggressive policies?

A NEW ERA OF GLOBALIZATION GLOBALIZATION: a process by which the regions and countries of the world are becoming economically and culturally connected. -Liberals come to power in 1993 under Jean Chretien. -One of his priorities is to expand Canada’s trading opportunities. “TEAM CANADA” is sent to Asia and Latin America to secure deals for Canadian investment and exports. Canada signs FTAs with Chile and Israel. - Globalization took place during an age where rapid change in communications and technology took place. Goods were shipped easily and the internet makes it possible to do business online anywhere.

How Could That Be Bad? Globalization can make big business rich at the expense of workers in other countries who may be making very little. Globalization allows richer continents, like North America, to turn to look for labor elsewhere where there are lower labor costs and fewer environmental regulations. Should Canada, who upholds human rights, trade and do big business using workers who do not receive the same rights? Even a (scary) benefit?