Emerging Applications of Recombinant Human Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor by James O. Armitage Blood Volume 92(12):4491-4508 December 15, 1998 ©1998 by American Society of Hematology

Schematic representation of the GM-CSF receptor (GMR), which is composed of two distinct subunits,  and β. Schematic representation of the GM-CSF receptor (GMR), which is composed of two distinct subunits,  and β. Binding of rHuGM-CSF to GMR leads to formation of the signaling complex and activation of a Janus kinase (JAK2). Regulation of gene expression by JAK2 activates transcription proteins STAT1, STAT3, and STAT5. James O. Armitage Blood 1998;92:4491-4508 ©1998 by American Society of Hematology

(A) Fumigatus hyphal damage induced by elutriated human monocytes incubated with 500 nmol/L dexamethasone (DEX) alone and with either 5 ng/mL sargramostim (rHuGM-CSF) or 1.2 ng/mL interferon-γ (IFN). (A) Fumigatus hyphal damage induced by elutriated human monocytes incubated with 500 nmol/L dexamethasone (DEX) alone and with either 5 ng/mL sargramostim (rHuGM-CSF) or 1.2 ng/mL interferon-γ (IFN). Vertical bars denote standard errors of means, and the number of experiments performed are shown in parentheses. *P < .05. (Reprinted with permission.95)‏ James O. Armitage Blood 1998;92:4491-4508 ©1998 by American Society of Hematology

rHuGM-CSF, as an adjuvant, elicits delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses to tetanus toxoid (tt) similar to those seen in animals immunized with a standard adjuvant. rHuGM-CSF, as an adjuvant, elicits delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses to tetanus toxoid (tt) similar to those seen in animals immunized with a standard adjuvant. Rats were injected with Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) subcutaneously (sq), alum sq, rHuGM-CSF intradermally (id) or sq (5 μg), and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) sq with tt at a concentration of 3 limit flocculation (Lf ) units. Immunizations were administered on 1 day only with no repeated administration of rHuGM-CSF. Six rats were included in each experimental group. Figure represents data collected from two separate experiments. Twenty days after immunization, a DTH response was measured in the immunized animals. Antigen was applied to rat ear and responses measured at 48 hours. Ear swelling of experimental compared with control ear was measured. Results are shown as the mean and standard deviation of measurements taken from each experimental group. (Reprinted with permission.145)‏ James O. Armitage Blood 1998;92:4491-4508 ©1998 by American Society of Hematology

Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of monocytes after treatment with sargramostim. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of monocytes after treatment with sargramostim. Monocytes were collected from patients 2 days after a bolus infection (A) and 3 (B) and 10 (C) days after the start of a continuous infusion of sargramostim. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity activity was measured against antibody-coated chicken erythrocytes by a Cr51-release assay. Experimental results were compared statistically with the average of two baseline assays. (Reprinted with permission.19)‏ James O. Armitage Blood 1998;92:4491-4508 ©1998 by American Society of Hematology