For Improving Patients’ Care Understanding Audit For Improving Patients’ Care

Objectives Define Medical Audit (M-Audit) and explain types of audit. Recognize important terminology used in M-Audit. Explain Audit Cycle Identify framework for M-Audit to assess patients’ care Differentiate between Criteria and standards

Objectives 6. Discuss ground rules for a topic to conduct Audit, and related Audit questions 7. Plan for a M-Audit topic. 8. Identify data could be utilize for conduction of Audit 9. Recognize the benefits of M-Audit 10. Identify the difference between M-Audit and research

Contents Types of Medical Audit (M-Audit) Terminology Audit Cycle Audit framework Criteria and Standards Ground rules for an Audit topic Planning Audit Audit Questions Data for Audit Benefits Audit and Research

Think Pair & Share

Medical Audit A scenario A huge number of our primary care clinics visitors are diabetic patients. We would like to know that the diabetic care is appropriate in PCC. What are the areas to be evaluated? How we can plan for evaluation of Diabetic care in our clinic? Medical Audit

What is Medical Audit? “…method used by health professionals to: Assess Evaluate & Improve …. the care of patients in a systematic way to enhance their health and quality of life”.

Terminology used in M-Audit Self, Peer & External M-Audit Audit Cycle Structure, Process & Outcomes Criteria & Standards Planning for M-Audit Audit Questions Data Sources, Collection & Presentation

Types of Audit Self Audit Peer Audit External Audit

COMPARE WITH STANDARDS Audit Cycle SET STANDARDS IMPLEMENT CHANGE OBSERVE PRACTICE COMPARE WITH STANDARDS

Objectives are Covered Define Medical Audit (M-Audit) and explain types of audit. Recognize important terminology used in M-Audit. Explain Audit Cycle

A framework for assessing care: Audit requires a framework Description, measurement, comparison and evaluation of the quality of health care can be made. Three constituents of quality are: Structure Process Outcomes

Scope of Audit STRUCTURE PROCESS OUTCOME Building Practice equipments Working team Prescribing habits Hospital referrals Laboratory / X ray use PROCESS Prevention / Control of disease Improved level of functions Relief of symptoms Prevention of premature death Minimizing the cost Increase patient satisfaction OUTCOME

Structure Describes the physical attributes of health care, building, equipments, Employees in the team: # and types, Patient records. Common sense suggests that health care is likely to be more effective if it is carried out in comfortable surroundings with the right equipments and by the most appropriate people.

Process Describes the care given by the health care team, i.e., what the practitioner does, the sum of actions and decisions that describes a person’s professional practice. Doctors and nurses tend to identify the process of care with quality because it describes what they do for their patients It reflects their attitudes, knowledge and skills.

Outcomes Describe measures that lie between true process and the definitive outcome. They are easier to measure yet they predict, or are assumed to predict, definitive outcome. Example: The Hb A1C for diabetic patients

Scope of Audit STRUCTURE PROCESS OUTCOME

Outcome** is the change in a patients’ current and future health status that can be attributed to antecedent health care Therefore the definitive indicators of health Describe the effectiveness of care. For example, did the patient survive a potentially fatal condition ?

Criteria & Standards

Criterion Describe a definable and measurable item of health care, which describes quality, and which can be used to assess it. Example: Females of susceptible age should be immunized against rubella. All diabetic patient should receive pneumococcal vaccination All children requesting attention for acute problems will be seen on the same day.

Standards Describes the level of care to be achieved for any particular criterion. Example: Females of susceptible age should be immunized against rubella. The standard might specify that 98% of the female population at risk should receive protection.

Outcome-Intermediate Criterion Standards Structure Patients records will include summary cards. Should apply to 50% of records. Process All patients attending out-patient clinics will have complete nursing assessments. This should apply to : 50% - year 1, 75% - year 2, 95% - year 3, Following the introduction of the standard. Outcome-Intermediate Patients with established HTN will have a diastolic level less than 120/80 mm Hg with in the first year of treatment. The target level will be achieved in 80% of cases.

Objectives are Covered 4. Identify framework for M-Audit to assess patients’ care 5. Differentiate between Criteria and standards

Ground rules for choosing an audit subject Is the subject chosen: likely to benefit patients and the practice? relevant to professional practice and development? significant or serious in terms of the process and outcomes of patients care? having potential for improvement? capable of holding the interest and involvement of team members? likely to repay the investment of time, money and effort involved?

The use of resources It is important to decide on the maximum level of resources a team is prepared to commit to an audit. In doing this it is also important to ensure that the subject examined is appropriate to the skills and resources available. Resources can be divided into several categories: time, money, people.

Audit Questions - Examples Are the waiting times for hospital outpatient appointments acceptable? What are the complication rates of a particular type of surgery? Are the consultants to whom patients are referred kind and considerate? Which groups of patients are attending follow-up clinics unnecessarily? How many of our Diabetic patients are controlled?

Planning an audit: 10-steps guidelines Define the nature of the perceived problem. Produce a clear written statement of aims. Construct clear audit question. Define the criteria & standard Select the most appropriate method. Identify the main analysis to be made. Start small. Have a short time-scale. Proceed step by step. Indicate how the possible need for change is to be handled.

Data Sources Routine practice data External data Medical records Practice activity analysis Prospective recording Surveys Interviews Direct observation Confidential enquiries

Data collection grid 1 2 3 4 5 → 20 Age Sex Drug Marital Status → 20 Age Sex Drug Marital Status BP recorded Case 1 75 M A S Y Case 2 81 B W Case 3 77 F C N ↓ 40

Data presentation card Age (years) Married Single Total BP recorded Antihypertensive prescribed 75 – 79 9 3 12 13 80 - 84 4 2 6 10 1 85 – 89 7 90 – 94 8 95 – 99 19 21 40 28

Presentation of data The analysis of data produces results that need to be converted into information which the practice team can understand and to which they can relate Trends or insights must be presented in a visual way that communicates the information effectively.

Objectives are Covered 6. Discuss ground rules for a topic to conduct Audit, and related Audit questions 7. Plan for a M-Audit topic. 8. Identify data could be utilize for conduction of Audit

Benefits of Medical Audit?

Benefits of Medical Audit Reducing errors Improve efficiency / effectiveness Demonstrating good care Meeting patients’ needs / expectations Stimulating education Bidding for resources Effective defense

Medical Audit & Research?

M-Audit Research Based on the comparison of practice against standards Based on an idea (hypothesis), Qs Creates knowledge of current clinical practice and need for improvement Creates new knowledge regarding most beneficial practice Small scale over a short time period Large scale over a long time period Does not necessarily need a statistically valid sample size Needs a statistically valid sample size Basic statistical analysis usually suffices Extensive statistical analysis is required Clear responsibility to act on findings No mechanism to act on findings Does not usually require ethical approval Always requires ethics committee approval

Plan an Audit A huge number of our primary care clinics are diabetic patients who are followed in the clinic. We would like to know that the diabetic care is appropriate in PCC. What are the areas to be evaluated? How we can plan for the evaluation of Diabetic care in our clinic?

Planning an audit: 10-steps guidelines Define the nature of the perceived problem. Produce a clear written statement of aims. Construct clear audit question. Define the criteria & standard Select the most appropriate method. Identify the main analysis to be made. Start small. Have a short time-scale. Proceed step by step. Indicate how the possible need for change is to be handled.

Objectives are Covered Define Medical Audit (M-Audit) and explain types of audit. Recognize important terminology used in M-Audit. Explain Audit Cycle Identify framework for M-Audit to assess patients’ care Differentiate between Criteria and standards

Objectives are Covered 6. Discuss ground rules for a topic to conduct Audit, and related Audit questions 7. Plan for a M-Audit topic. 8. Identify data could be utilize for conduction of Audit 9. Recognize the benefits of M-Audit 10. Identify the difference between M-Audit and research

Summary Audit ia an important process to assess, evaluate and improve patients’ care Appropriate selection of an audit topic is an important step for success It is a continuous and cyclic process. It could be conducted internally or from an external body Dedicated team members needed

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