Honors Unit 1 Physical Trauma & Autopsy © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

What is required: Turn entire unit in by January 10th in a folder for grading: All assignments must be completed Notes taken Lab Report Quiz on Dissection by January 17th Test on Unit by January 17th Good Luck & Please ask if you have questions jerickson@neacademy.net Forensic Science II: Physical Trauma, Chapter 7 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Introduction—Objectives Discuss how investigators study injuries to determine the extent, or degree, of injury. Differentiate between the three types of blunt-force trauma. Discuss the four types of sharp-force trauma. Discuss the history of coroners and medical examiners. Forensic Science II: Physical Trauma, Chapter 7 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Introduction - Objectives 5. Describe the steps of a death investigation. 6. Discuss how laboratory tests are used to determine the contributing factors that led to someone’s death. 7. Compare and contrast collection of biological and nonbiological evidence during an autopsy. 8. Describe the organization and structure of the autopsy report. Forensic Science II: Physical Trauma, Chapter 7 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Introduction—Vocabulary abrasion - an injury in which the superficial, or top, layer of skin has been removed due to motion against a rough surface chop wound - wounds that result in cuts (incised wounds) on the surface and deep internal injuries and/or fractures to bones contusion - a bruise caused by broken blood vessels below the skin force - a push or pull against an object; force equals mass times acceleration (F = ma) Forensic Science II: Physical Trauma, Chapter 7 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Introduction—Vocabulary hesitation marks - jagged and rough superficial wounds caused by someone attempting to take their own life, caused as the person responds to the pain hilt - protective piece where the blade meets the handle of a knife incised wounds - cuts along the surface of the body produced by a sharp-edged object such as a knife, glass, metal or even paper Forensic Science II: Physical Trauma, Chapter 7 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Introduction—Vocabulary laceration - a tear in the tissue caused by sliding or crushing force physical trauma - serious or life threatening physical injury, wound, or shock pressure - the amount of force per unit area therapeutic wound - a wound caused by incision in a medical setting Forensic Science II: Physical Trauma, Chapter 7 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Introduction—Vocabulary algor mortis - postmortem (after death) cooling of the body autopsy - a postmortem examination of the body, including dissection to determine cause of death cluster - a group of wounds postmortem interval (PMI) – the interval of time between when death occurs and the body is discovered Forensic Science II: Physical Trauma, Chapter 7 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Case: The Siren and the Slugger Read intro case on Rihanna and Chris Brown Summarize what happened. Describe any physical trauma. Who caused the physical trauma? What did Chris Brown do in the days after the physical trauma? What was Chris Brown charged with? 9 Forensic Science II: Physical Trauma, Chapter 7 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Introduction: Notes Physical trauma—any serious or life-threatening physical ingury, wound, or shock Blunt force trauma—when a victim hits or is hit by a hard object Sharp-force trauma—when the victim is poked, cut, or stabbed by something sharp Forensic Science II: Physical Trauma, Chapter 7 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Notes: Evidence of Physical Trauma (Obj 7.1) The amount of force applied The weapon’s surface area and mass The body part affected Forensic Science II: Physical Trauma, Chapter 7 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Notes: Force Force = mass x acceleration Force is a push or pull applied to an object Forensic Science II: Physical Trauma, Chapter 7 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Notes: Surface Area and Pressure Pressure = force / surface area Pressure is the amount of force per unit area A weapon with a larger surface area will inflict a less severe injury High-heeled shoe Ping Pong paddle Forensic Science II: Physical Trauma, Chapter 7 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Practice with Pressure Force = 44.5 N Surface Area = 38.7 cm2 Calculate the Pressure Force = 37.8 N Surface Area = 35.9 cm2 Forensic Science II: Physical Trauma, Chapter 7 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Notes: Blunt-Force Trauma (Obj 7.2) Abrasions Contusions Lacerations Forensic Science II: Physical Trauma, Chapter 7 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Notes: Blunt-Force Trauma—Abrasions Skin has three layers Epidermis Dermis Hypodermis Abrasion affects the epidermis, or outer layer Shallow wounds that heal quickly Forensic Science II: Physical Trauma, Chapter 7 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Notes: Blunt-Force Trauma—Abrasions Brush Abrasions When force is applied parallel to the skin Example: dragging the body Forensic Science II: Physical Trauma, Chapter 7 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Notes: Blunt-Force Trauma—Abrasions Impact Abrasions When force is applied perpendicular to the skin Crushes the skin Common over bony parts of the body Patterned Abrasions When the impact of an object leaves an imprint on the skin Patterns can be used to identify the weapon Forensic Science II: Physical Trauma, Chapter 7 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Notes: Blunt-Force Trauma—Contusions Also known as a bruise A trauma caused by broken blood vessels below the skin’s surface Hematoma—when contusions swell Subdural hematoma— swelling below the brain’s outer membrane Patterned contusions Forensic Science II: Physical Trauma, Chapter 7 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Subdural Hematoma Forensic Science II: Physical Trauma, Chapter 7 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Notes: Blunt-Force Trauma—Contusions Contusions on internal organs are not visible externally Skin pigmentation makes detection more difficult Obese vs. athletic bodies Children and seniors Alcoholics Forensic Science II: Physical Trauma, Chapter 7 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Notes: Blunt-Force Trauma—Lacerations A tear in the tissue caused by an extreme sliding or crushing force Blunt objects A fall Vehicle impacts Lacerations may be internal or external Irregular edges Forensic Science II: Physical Trauma, Chapter 7 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Notes: Blunt-Force Trauma— Defensive & Offensive Wounds Defensive wounds—usually occur on the hands, writs, and arms Offensive wounds—injuries to the perpetrator These wounds help substantiate claims by the victim and perpetrator Forensic Science II: Physical Trauma, Chapter 7 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Did you know? Blunt-force trauma to the abdomen is usually the result of automobile accidents, assaults, recreational accidents, or falls. Organs most commonly injured in these cases include the spleen, liver, small bowel, kidneys, bladder, diaphragm, and pancreas. Explain why this would occur. Forensic Science II: Physical Trauma, Chapter 7 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Notes: Sharp-Force Trauma (Obj 7.3) Stab Wounds Incised Wounds Chop Wounds Therapeutic Wounds Forensic Science II: Physical Trauma, Chapter 7 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Notes: Stab Wounds Most are caused by single-edged kitchen, pocket, or folding knives Blade is usually 4-5 inches long A sharp knife requires very little force Hesitation marks—by suicide victims Penetrating wound—puncturing the organ Perforating wound—passes all the way through the organ Forensic Science II: Physical Trauma, Chapter 7 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Stab Wounds Forensic Science II: Physical Trauma, Chapter 7 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Notes: Incised Wounds Produced by sharp-edged objects such as knife, glass, metal Longer than deep Force usually applied parallel to the skin Do not provide clues to the type of weapon Clean edges Forensic Science II: Physical Trauma, Chapter 7 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Notes: Chop Wounds Heavy tools—axes, machete, meat cleavers Incised wounds on the surface Deep internal injuries Bone fractures Characteristics of the wound help narrow down the possible type of weapon used Forensic Science II: Physical Trauma, Chapter 7 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Notes: Chop Wounds Weapon Characteristics Axe Often crushes the bone and tissue Machete Produce more obvious lines that are coarse and less distinct Meat Cleaver Clean thin wound; unlikely to break bone; thin, sharp lines on the bone Forensic Science II: Physical Trauma, Chapter 7 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Notes: Therapeutic Wounds Caused by surgery or other medical procedures Avoid confusion between therapeutic and inflicted wounds Forensic Science II: Physical Trauma, Chapter 7 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Activity: Crime Scene; Best of Friends Read Case Answer follow up questions After reading the story, write a one-page paper that describes the roles of the crime-scene investigator and various lab personnel in this case. Forensic Science II: Physical Trauma, Chapter 7 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Chapter Review and Case Studies Read Case Study on Jesse L Pitts and answer the two think critically questions. Read Case Study on Amanda Knox and answer the two think critically questions. Read Careers in Forensics M. Margaret Knudson, MD F.A.C.S Complete Chapter Review Forensic Science II: Physical Trauma, Chapter 7 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Case: Madison Rutherford Summarize what you read. Who is Dr Bass and how did he help break open this case? Why was the FBI involved? What did the autopsy reveal? (list 3 things) What was determined about Rutherford’s death? Did anyone go to jail? Why? Forensic Science II: Physical Trauma, Chapter 7 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Notes: Introduction When the cause of death is unclear or suspicious: the government requires a death investigation performed by the medical examiner or the coroner Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Notes: Introduction By law, deaths occurring under these circumstances must be investigated: Violent crime, suicide, or accident Within 24 hours of entering a hospital or having surgery A natural death when a doctor is not present or the patient is not under the care of a medical facility Occurs in police custody or in a correctional facility Results from a communicable disease that may pose a threat to public health. Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Introduction Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Notes: Historical Events (Obj 8.1) Two systems of death investigation exist in the US The coroner system dates to 12C England; sometimes the position: is an elected official requires a medical doctor requires a forensic pathologist. The medical examiner system dates back to 1870 an experienced physician with advanced training in pathology Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Notes: A Death Investigation (Obj 8.2, 8.3, 8.4) A preliminary investigation is conducted at the death scene. The body is transported to the morgue, where the medical examiner examines the body and performs an autopsy. The medical examiner orders lab tests on biological evidence collected during the autopsy. Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Notes: At the Death Scene Draw sketches of the body at the scene Take photographs of the scene the victim’s face the underside of the body Document signs of trauma Estimate time of death Postmortem Interval (PMI) Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Activity: Vitreous Humor Investigators use a number of methods to help determine a victim’s time of death. One method utilizes the fluid behind the eyes. This fluid is called vitreous humor. www.cengage.com/school/forensicscienceadv Answer the questions What chemical changes occur in the vitreous humor after a person dies? How are the changes in concentrations used to determine PMI? Why is determining the time of death or the PMI just an estimate at best?

Notes: Postmortem Interval The time between the death and the discovery of the body Evaluate livor mortis and rigor mortis Look for scene markers Collect evidence Establish a chain of custody Interview the victim’s family Check medical records and police reports Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Notes: Medical Examination Arrival at the morgue Update the chain of custody: when the body arrives, who transported the body, and who received the body Cause of death Mechanism of death Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Notes: External Examination Investigate clothing and body Order X-rays Biological evidence—material from living or once-living sources Nonbiological evidence—material from nonliving sources Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Notes: Autopsy Algor mortis—postmortem cooling of the body Temperature generally falls 1.5ºF every hour until the body reaches ambient temperature Determine body temperature At the crime scene—rectally At the crime lab—in the liver Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Notes: Autopsy Time since death (in hours) = Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Autopsy Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Practice with Time Since Death Determine time since death if the victim’s current body temp was …. 98 F 97.5 F 97 F 96 F Forensic Science II: Physical Trauma, Chapter 7 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Collecting Evidence Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Collecting Evidence Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Collecting Evidence Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Evidence Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Notes: Laboratory Analysis Toxicology—the science related to the detection of drugs, alcohol, and poisons Histology—the study of tissues Neuropathology—the study of disease and trauma associated with the nervous system Serology—the study of blood, semen, and other body fluids (for legal matters) Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Did you know? In August 2009, a woman’s body was discovered in a suitcase in a dumpster in Santa Cruz, California. Her fingers and teeth had been removed, making identification particularly difficult. Investigators were able to identify the body of Jasmine Fiore from the serial numbers found on her breast implants. Identify 3 other ways that the investigators could have identified Jasmine Fiore. Forensic Science II: Physical Trauma, Chapter 7 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Notes: Toxicology Alcohol—gas chromatography Barbiturates and narcotics Presumptive screening—urine immunoassay Confirmatory test—gas chromatography-mass spectrometry Tranquilizers—gas chromatography Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Notes: Histology Slice tissue into very thin sheets Stain the tissue samples Eosin (acidic)—for basic structures; Cytoplasm appears pink Red blood cells appear bright red Hematoxylin—binds to structures (e.g., ribosomes and the nucleus) Together—detect cancers Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Histology Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Notes: Neuropathology More than half of all deaths encountered by medical examiners are associated with the nervous system Common examinations: Brain trauma Brain cancer Alzheimer’s Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Notes: Serology A forensic serologist may investigate: Infections caused by blood-borne pathogens Blood-typing DNA profiles Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Notes: The Autopsy Report (Obj 8.5) Heading External Examination Evidence of Injury Internal Examination Findings and Opinion Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Autopsy Report Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Create an Autopsy Report Design a murder case scenario Write up of scenario should be a page long, typed, double spaced. Complete an Autopsy/Specimen Description Sheet that connects to the murder case scenario Forensic Science II: Physical Trauma, Chapter 7 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Activity: Crime Scene; Expert Testimony Read Case Answer follow up questions After reading the story, write an ending to the story that describes the final testimony of Dr Marks, the expert witness for the defense. Then, write one or two paragraphs describing the testimony of the expert witness for the prosecution. Be sure to use correct terminology and logical, well-reasoned arguments. Forensic Science II: Physical Trauma, Chapter 7 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Death Scenarios: Activity 8-2 Read the following 3 scenarios and determine the cause of death, the mechanism of death, and the manner of death in each Then create a scenario. Identify the manner, mechanism, and cause of death. Forensic Science II: Physical Trauma, Chapter 7 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Chapter Review and Case Studies Read Case Study on Dr. Stephen Scher and answer the think critically question. Read Case Study on Chris Benoit and answer the two think critically questions. Read Careers in Forensics Dr Jan Garavaglia: Medical Examiner Complete Chapter Review Forensic Science II: Physical Trauma, Chapter 7 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Virtual Lab Dissection Click on http://www.whitman.edu/content/virtualpig Go through the dissection Take practice quizzes. When you are ready, ask for the paper quiz. (It must be completed after school in 113.) Forensic Science II: Physical Trauma, Chapter 7 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Honors Unit 1 Summary The extent of the physical trauma depends on the amount of force applied to the body, the part of the body affected, how much of the body’s surface was affected, and the type of weapon used Force is equal to mass times acceleration. The more massive the weapon, the greater the force exerted on the body. The more the weapon is accelerating upon impact, the greater the force exerted on the body. Forensic Science II: Physical Trauma, Chapter 7 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Honors Unit 1 Summary Pressure is equal to force divided by surface area. Assuming that the force is equal, a weapon with a smaller surface area will exert greater pressure than a weapon with a larger surface area. Abrasions are blunt-force trauma caused when the top layers of skin are damaged. Contusions are broken blood vessels caused by blunt force and are commonly called bruises. Lacerations are tears in tissue caused by sliding or crushing blunt force. Forensic Science II: Physical Trauma, Chapter 7 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Honors Unit 1 Summary Stab wounds— a sharp-force trauma deeper than they are wide force is applied toward the body Incised wounds, or cuts, are sharp-force trauma caused when a sharp object is forced along the body wounds tend to be wider than they are deep Forensic Science II: Physical Trauma, Chapter 7 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Honors Unit 1 Summary Chop wounds— sharp-force trauma caused by sharp, heavy objects incised wounds on the surface, and deep internal injuries, often including broken bones. Therapeutic wounds—result of surgery Forensic Science II: Physical Trauma, Chapter 7 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Honors Unit 1 Summary In the US, the coroner or the medical examiner leads the death investigation when the cause of death is unclear or suspicious. Manner of death is classified as: natural, accidental, suicide, homicide, or undetermined. Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Honors Unit 1 Summary The three steps of a death investigation include: determination of the events that surrounded and led to the death, internal and external examination, and laboratory analysis. Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Honors Unit 1 Summary An autopsy is performed if the cause of death is not known in order to: document injuries, exclude other causes of death, and determine factors that contributed to death. Biological evidence is material from sources that are living or were once living. Nonbiological evidence is material from nonliving sources. Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Test: Honors Unit 1 After you have completed and turned in all assignments Taken all notes Written a lab report Set a time after school to take your test in room 113 Forensic Science II: Physical Trauma, Chapter 7 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved