Starter: Foreign Relations 1. Give one fact about Somerset's invasion of Scotland 2. Give a fact about the Treaty of London 3. Name the treaty between HVII and Spain (1489) 4. Which treaty ended the Breton Crisis? 5. What was the League of Cognac? 6. What did Mary lose as a result of the war with France? 7. In 1541, Henry invaded France with Charles. They were meant to take Paris, but what happened? 8. What did the Treaty of Boulogne conclude? (1550) 9. Name the two treaties signed with Scotland during the reign of HVII 1 POINT – ED/MARY 2 POINTS - HVIII 3 POINTS – HVII

Answers 1 POINT – ED/MARY 2 POINTS - HVIII 3 POINTS – HVII 1. Berwick was base; land and naval attack; English army was better equipped; Battle of Pinkie (England win) 2 dozen signatories; 1510; Signed individually with HVIII; promised universal peace. Treaty of Medina del Campo 4. Treaty of Etaples 5. Anti-Habsburg alliance - Wolsey joined negotiations with France, Pope, Venice and Florence for an Calais 7. They both followed their own priorities and blamed each other 8. England accepted defeat. Boulogne given to the French. Marriage between Edward VI and French daughter. Truce of Ayton and Treaty of Perpetual Peace 1 POINT – ED/MARY 2 POINTS - HVIII 3 POINTS – HVII

Elizabeth I: Foreign Relations 1558-1585 KNOW The chronology of foreign relations 1558-85 ANALYSE The reasons why Anglo-Spanish relations deteriorated EVALUATE How far Elizabeth f.policy in this period was consistent and successful. How important was the role of key individuals and groups and how were they affected by developments? How did relations with foreign powers change and how was the succession secured?

France and Scotland 1559-71 Scotland France Using the handout: What was the problem Which key individual had influence? How? What happened? Impact? Using the handout: What did the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis (1559) conclude? Should this treaty be considered a success for Elizabeth? Use the sections ‘intervention in Scotland’ and ‘Intervention in France’ to fill in the table Photocopy p.71-2 KNOW The chronology of foreign relations 1558-85 ANALYSE Why Anglo-Spanish relations deteriorated EVALUATE How far f.policy in this period was consistent and successful.

France and Scotland 1559-71 Scotland France What was the problem Henry II died. Francis II (MQoS husband) took over. Accession brought Guise faction to power. French troops taken to Scotland. Lord of Congregation ask for assistance. Conflict broke out between Catholics and Protestants in France. Which key individual had influence? How? William Cecil – strongly supported intervention (sympathised with religious predicament, didn’t want French at the border, wanted Scotland to join a British state, wanted MQoS removed). Cecil persuaded Elizabeth to intervene based on her insecurity (coat of arms and resignation). Robert Dudley – encouraged Elizabeth to put military pressure on the French crown when it was relatively weak and to secure the return of Calais. What happened? Initially support = money and armaments. 1559 navy sent to Firth of Forth. 1560 Treaty of Berwick offered the Lords of Congregation conditional support. March 1560 an army was sent north. Army/Navy blockaded Leith. Liz promised Huguenot leaders 6000 men and £30,000 loan, with control of the Le Havre port as security. Impact? French withdrew. French fleet damaged. Mary of Guise died. Cecil gained favourable terms in the Treaty of Edinburgh. Francis II died and Guided fell from power. MQoS was back in Scotland and her influence reduced. Triumph for Cecil! Huguenot army defeated; Huguenot leader captured. Duke of Guise assassinated (both sides leaderless). Both sides accepted peace terms and united to drive England out of Le Havre. England got unfavourable peace settlement at the Treaty of Troyes. Liz lost Calais permanently. Could lead to her caution in the Netherlands.

Spain 1559-71 TASK: Using P.83, create a mind map of the different reasons Anglo-Spanish relations deteriorated in one colour, and why they did not in another colour. CHALLENGE Give each reason for deterioration a score /5, based on how far you think it deteriorated relations Write a paragraph explaining which reason you have the highest mark and why KNOW The chronology of foreign relations 1558-85 ANALYSE Why Anglo-Spanish relations deteriorated EVALUATE How far f.policy in this period was consistent and successful.

Achieved stable relations Not achieved stable relations To what extent had Elizabeth achieved stable relations with foreign powers by 1571? Your answer to this question will depend on your definition of stability. Define the term stability and from this, fill in the table below (2 reasons per side). Achieved stable relations Not achieved stable relations KNOW The chronology of foreign relations 1558-85 ANALYSE Why Anglo-Spanish relations deteriorated EVALUATE How far f.policy in this period was consistent and successful.

Elizabeth’s aims: 1571-1587 Avoid War with Spain Help Foreign Protestants Increase crown finance through support of privateers Prevent French/Spanish dominance of the Netherlands Maintain trade links on the continent (esp. Netherlands)

France 1570-1587 Anglo-French relations improved in this period (Treaty of Blois, April 1572) But, the St. Bartholomew’s massacre happened shortly after, killing thousands of Huguenots Yet England continued good relations, because relations with Spain were deteriorating (next slide will cover this) Elizabeth’s aims were to minimise the threat of Spain, and encourage French support of Dutch rebels (but don’t let it result in France taking over!) She kept open communication channels with the Crown and Huguenots 1574 Elizabeth renewed the Treaty of Blois when Henry III takes over It is in this period that Elizabeth also considered a marriage alliance (Anjou) In 1580 Spain annexed Portugal Elizabeth sought a formal alliance with France (+ aid for a Netherlands expedition), but Henry was suspicious and said he would only agree if Elizabeth married Anjou… Elizabeth underwrites a Netherlands expedition led by Anjou, but it was a disaster and Anjou was driven out of the Netherlands. Any further attempts to ally were nullified by the rapid decline in Henry III’s power when faced with Phillip II and the French Catholic League TASK What was Elizabeth’s approach to Anglo-French relations in this period? Use examples to justify your answer. KNOW The chronology of foreign relations 1558-85 ANALYSE Why Anglo-Spanish relations deteriorated EVALUATE How far f.policy in this period was consistent and successful.

Spain 1571-1587 TASK: Using pp.127-130, create a deteriorating timeline which captures key detail on how the following altered Anglo-Spanish relations: Sea beggars Summer of 1575 & Pacification of Ghent 1576 (P1 on 128) Union of Utrecht and Union of Arras Elizabeth’s anti-Spanish policy After 1580 Treaty of Joinville Treaty of Nonsuch Leicester’s expedition CHALLENGE Why were the Spanish Netherlands so important? How did the Spanish Netherlands affect England’s relations with Spain? KNOW The chronology of foreign relations 1558-85 ANALYSE Why Anglo-Spanish relations deteriorated EVALUATE How far f.policy in this period was consistent and successful.

Evaluating Elizabeth’s Foreign Policy in this period Wernham Wilson MacCaffrey Elizabeth’s foreign policy towards the Netherlands was consistent and successful. Elizabeth’s foreign policy towards the Netherlands was inconsistent and unsuccessful. Elizabeth’s foreign policy was partly successful. Elizabeth lacked the power consistently to shape events and therefore reacted in an improvised way. KNOW The chronology of foreign relations 1558-85 ANALYSE Why Anglo-Spanish relations deteriorated EVALUATE How far f.policy in this period was consistent and successful.

Evaluating Elizabeth’s Foreign Policy in this period: Success TOTAL FAILURE TOTAL SUCCESS Put each historian on this continuum Now, put your opinion on this continuum, and bullet point evidence below to justify your decision. KNOW The chronology of foreign relations 1558-85 ANALYSE Why Anglo-Spanish relations deteriorated EVALUATE How far f.policy in this period was consistent and successful.

Evaluating Elizabeth’s Foreign Policy in this period: consistency Elizabeth’s foreign policy during this period had a number of aims, some of which were seemingly contradictory or at least very difficult the achieve at the same time: Avoid War with Spain Help Foreign Protestants Increase crown through support of privateers Prevent French/Spanish dominance of the Netherlands Maintain trade links on the continent (esp. Netherlands) Tasks: Which aims compliment each other, and which conflict each other? why? Which aims were dominant at different times? Challenge: Do you think Elizabeth’s foreign policy was consistent? KNOW The chronology of foreign relations 1558-85 ANALYSE Why Anglo-Spanish relations deteriorated EVALUATE How far f.policy in this period was consistent and successful.

FLIP LEARNING TASKS: The following task is due in next Tudor lesson: Research causes, course and consequences of the Spanish Armada! Use your textbooks, the internet, exciting YouTube videos to find out as much information as possible! The following task is due in next Tudor lesson: