Road to Self-Government

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Presentation transcript:

Road to Self-Government Aboriginal Nations Road to Self-Government

The idea of sovereignty was also significant to First Nations communities in Canada The National Indian Brotherhood pressured the government to improve the standard of living on reserves Trudeau’s response was the White Paper of 1969 Policy that would end special treatment and an “overly protective attitude” towards First Nations

Heavily protested and seen as a another way to assimilate First Nations into the majority culture The National Indian Brotherhood leads protests and the white paper and demand self-government (Red Paper) White Paper is eventually shelved in 1970 with no further solution

The Path to Self Government 1. Assembly of First Nations demand that Aboriginal rights be included in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms 2. Bill C-31 - allows for band councils to have the power over who lives on reserves rather than the Department of Indian Affairs 3. Raised question: What other powers should be transferred from the Federal Government to band councils?

Health care/social issues Resource control Education and schools Justice systems Health care/social issues Members of The Indian National Brotherhood at Negotiations

Land Claims Another issue was how Aboriginal Nations could lay claim to land considered theirs. Specific Claims: claims where land treaties have been signed and broken Comprehensive Claims: arise in areas of Canada where there has not been a treaty or legal process regarding land

Oka Confrontation Who? Oka Town Council, Mohawk First Nation, Police, Quebec government Where? City of Oka, Kanesatake Reserve When? 1990

Why? Oka town council wants to expand a golf course in to the sacred lands of the Mohawk Nation. Demonstrated First Nations are prepared to fight for their rights and land claims.

What? Ownership of the land had long been disputed Members of Mohawk nation blockade the land Quebec Mayor calls for police to break the blockade

A police officer is killed and tensions escalate Police blockade roads and Mohawk blockade part of the access to Montreal Premier calls in troops and surrounding nations call for Mohawk to end their blockade Land is given to Kanesatake https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QFes1gmPEMc

Land Claims in BC Most land claims in BC are comprehensive 1996 Nisga’a wins a historic victory winning 8% of their original land, ownership of forests and partial profit from fisheries Government offers 190 million for compensation over lost land

Background to NisGa’a Began their struggle for land claims in 1887 In 1912, they were the first to make a claim against the Canadian government At this time, it was illegal for them to raise money for land claims

1998 Supreme Court ruling “Aboriginal groups could claim ownership of land if they can prove that they occupied the land before Canadian government claimed sovereignty, and that they occupied it continuously and exclusively” Problems? ^^

Significance? First time the Supreme Court acknowledges that Aboriginal Title and the right to land exists Impact future land claims in the rest of Canada including the creation of Nunavut in 1999 Gives Inuit control over 1.6 million km of the Arctic