BLOOD Functions: Transport of nutrients, gases, and wastes Heating and cooling

Connective Tissue Cells suspended in a matrix

Components of Blood Formed Elements Plasma Erythrocytes – red blood cells (RBCs) Leukocytes – white blood cells (WBCs) Thrombocytes – Platelets Plasma Water Proteins Nutrients, electrolytes, gases, waste

Centrifuge Uses centrifugal force to force heavier particles to the bottom Separates the components of blood.

Centrifuged Sample Plasma Buffy Coat Erythrocytes Water, proteins, other solutes Buffy Coat Platelets and leukocytes Erythrocytes

Volume and Composition Average human has 5.3 quarts (5 liters) 45% cells called the hematocrit (HCT) level 55% liquid

Erythrocytes (RBCs) Biconcave discs Contains hemoglobin No nuclei Allows membrane to be close to hemoglobin Allows movement through small vessels Contains hemoglobin Protein which binds to oxygen What gives RBCs the red color No nuclei Cannot produce proteins or divide

Leukocytes (WBCs) Provide immune response Granular or agranular Granulocytes: contain tiny granules in their cytoplasm Agranulocytes: no granules

Leukocytes – Granulocytes Neutrophils Fine, light purple granules Nucleus has 2-5 lobes 54-62% of leukocytes Eosinophils Course, deep red granules Bilobed nucleus 1-3% of leukocytes Basophils Irregular, deep blue granules <1% of leukocytes

Leukocytes – Agranulocytes Monocytes Largest blood cells Nuclei vary (round, kidney-shaped, oval, lobed) 3-9% of leukocytes Lymphocytes Large, round nucleus 25-33% of leukocytes

Thrombocytes (platelets) Cell fragments Capable of amoeboid movement Seal breaks in damaged vessels and initiate blood clotting

Plasma Clear, straw-colored fluid Matrix in which cells/platelets are suspended

Components of Plasma Proteins Gases: O2, CO2, N Albumins: control osmotic pressure Globulins: transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins Fibrinogen: contribute to blood coagulation Gases: O2, CO2, N Nutrients: Amino acids, sugars, nucleotides, lipids Electrolytes: Ions (Na, K, etc)

Build a Model! Be creative! Be complete! Your model must include: Put your blood on a giant band-aid, in a tube, dripping from two small holes, etc. Be complete! Your model must include: Erythrocytes Leukocytes (all 5 types) Thrombocytes Plasma Proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, gases, waste Be proportional! If something is smaller, make it smaller. If there are lots or not many, your model should reflect this.

Hemostasis Stoppage of bleeding Can occur by: Cuts Bruises Damage to vessels Can occur by: Blood vessel spasm Platelet Plug formation Coagulation

Blood Vessel Spasm Vessels shrink or close off Vasospasm: vessel is sealed off completely

Platelet Plug Formation Platelets stick to rough surfaces, including collagen and other platelets 1. Vessel breaks and leaks blood 2. Platelets begin sticking to each other and to the collagen lining the vessel 3. A plug builds up and blocks the break in the vessel

Coagulation Formation of a blood clot Most effective means of controlling blood loss Clotting factors: biochemicals that affect blood clotting Coagulant: causes coagulation Anticoagulant: prevents coagulation

Abnormal Coagulation Thrombus Embolus Abnormally formed blood clot Dislodged blood clot traveling through the circulatory system

Proteins Involved in Coagulation Prothrombin Globulin (plasma protein) When activated, it is converted to thrombin Thrombin Converts fibrinogen to fibrin

Proteins Involved in Coagulation Fibrinogen Soluble plasma protein When activated, it is converted to fibrin Fibrin Insoluble threads of protein used to stabilize blood clots Stick together and form a mesh to catch blood cells

Prothrombin - Thrombin - Fibrinogen - Fibrin Prothrombin is converted to thrombin Thrombin reacts with fibrinogen Fibrinogen is converted to fibrin

Serum Clear yellow liquid surrounding a clot Plasma without clotting factors

Homeostasis Blood clotting is a POSITIVE feedback loop Initiation of clotting causes more clotting

ABO Blood Groups and Rh Factors Blood Typing ABO Blood Groups and Rh Factors

“Matching” for Transfusions Surface antigens: proteins found on the surface erythrocytes Markers that create an “ID badge” for cells Genetically inherited Antibodies: proteins found in blood plasma React with surface antigens of cells that are recognized as foreign

Agglutination: clumping of erythrocytes Occurs when antibodies detect surface antigens of a different ABO or Rh group

ABO Blood Groups Based on the presence/absence of 2 surface antigens (proteins) Antigen A Antigen B 4 Combinations: antigen A only (type A blood) antigen B only (type B blood) antigen A and antigen B (type AB blood) neither antigen A nor antigen B (type 0 blood)

ABO Blood Groups You automatically produce antibodies depending on what surface antigens your cells do not have If antigen A is absent, anti-A is produced If antigen B is absent, anti-B is produced

Blood Transfusions Antibodies react with their respective surface antigens, causing agglutination Type AB contains both antigens and produces neither antibodies Can receive any blood type Universal recipient Type O contains neither antigens and produces both antibodies Can be donated to any blood type Universal donor

Complete the following table: Blood Type Surface Antigen Present Antibody Produced Possible Blood Type Donors A antigen A anti-B A, O B AB O

Rh Factors Based on the presence/absence of Rh surface antigens Rh antigen present: Rh-positive Rh antigen absent: Rh-negative

Rh Antibodies Anti-Rh is not automatically produced when Rh surface antigens are absent (unlike ABO antibodies) Produced in Rh-neg blood, in response to the introduction of Rh-pos blood

When Rh Causes Agglutination Rh-neg person receives Rh-pos blood No reaction takes place Following donation, anti-Rh is produced Same Rh-neg person recieves Rh-pos blood again Agglutination occurs

Erythroblastosis Rh-pos man impregnates Rh-neg woman Rh-neg woman is carrying Rh-pos fetus Blood from Rh-pos fetus enters blood stream of Rh-neg woman Rh-neg woman developes anti-Rh Same Rh-neg woman becomes pregnant with another Rh-pos fetus Anti-Rh attacks Rh-pos fetal blood cells

In the U. S. , what blood type do you think is the most common In the U.S., what blood type do you think is the most common? Least common? List the blood types in order from most to least common. Here are your options: A+ A- B+ B- AB+ AB- O+ O-

Most Common Blood Types In the U.S. AB 3% Rh Group is not correlated to ABO group Only 15% of the population is Rh-neg Most Common: O+ Least Common: AB- B 9% O 47% A 41%