Polymers and Monomers 21/11/2018 Learning Outcomes Explain what a monomer and a polymer are Identify some biological polymers, and the monomer from which they are made Explain the concept of condensation and hydrolysis reactions in forming/breaking down polymers

GCSE Recap What is a polymer? Use the word ‘monomer’ in your answer. What monomer makes up proteins? What is the function of DNA? Which elements are present in a carbohydrate? In the body, which process breaks down polymers into monomers?

Definitions Monomers are the smaller units from which larger molecules are made. Polymers are molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together. Learning Outcomes Explain what a monomer and polymer are

Amino Acids Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen (and sometimes sulphur). Amino acids are the monomers from which proteins (polymers) are formed. There are 20 different, commonly occurring amino acids in living organisms. Two amino acids join together to form a dipeptide. Many amino acids join together to form a polypeptide. A protein may consist of one or more polypeptides. Amino Group Carboxylic Group Learning Outcomes Identify some biological polymers, and the monomer from which they are made

Nucleotides DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) are nucleic acids. The nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides. Each nucleotide is made up of the following three molecules: A five carbon sugar (pentose); A phosphoric acid molecule; A nitrogen-containing organic base. Learning Outcomes Identify some biological polymers, and the monomer from which they are made

DNA and RNA DNA consist of two polynucleotide strands whereas RNA consists of a single polynucleotide strand. Learning Outcomes Identify some biological polymers, and the monomer from which they are made

CArbohydrates Carbohydrates contain the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Carbohydrates can be classified into three groups: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides and disaccharides are small, soluble molecules that are easy to transport and are sweet to taste. Learning Outcomes Identify some biological polymers, and the monomer from which they are made

Monosaccharides Polysaccharides are a large number of polymers made from monosaccharide monomers. The polysaccharides cellulose, starch and glycogen are polymers of glucose, and are formed by joining many glucose molecules together. These polysaccharides differ in the number and arrangement of the glucose molecules they contain. They are not sweet to taste and are relatively insoluble in water. Learning Outcomes Identify some biological polymers, and the monomer from which they are made

POLYsaccharides (Carbohydrate polymers) Starch (amylose and amylopectin) Glycogen (shorter amylose chains with more branching) Cellulose (beta-glucose) Learning Outcomes Identify some biological polymers, and the monomer from which they are made

Two forms of Glucose

Condensation and Hydrolysis

Past paper question

To finish: Write out generalised word equations to summarise the hydrolysis and condensation reactions for: Carbohydrates Nucleic acids Peptides Extension: Look at the general structure of an amino acid. Draw a diagram to show how two amino acids could be joined together to form a dipeptide.