Computer Architecture Part I-B: Cost

Cost Cost-sensitive designs are of growing importance. Learning curve: manufacturing costs decrease over time The learning curve is best measured by a change in yield - the percentage of manufactured devices that survives the testing procedure.

DRAM Prices Source: Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach, 2nd Ed. by Hennessy & Patterson

Integrated Circuit Costs Wafer cost Cost of die = ------------------------------------- Dies per wafer * Die yield Die yield: assume defects are randomly, distributed, where die yield is the percentage of good dies in the wafer.

Real World Examples Chip Metal Line Wafer Defect Area Dies/ Yield Die Cost layers width cost /cm2 mm2 wafer 386DX 2 0.90 $900 1.0 43 360 71% $4 486DX2 3 0.80 $1200 1.0 81 181 54% $12 PowerPC 601 4 0.80 $1700 1.3 121 115 28% $53 HP PA 7100 3 0.80 $1300 1.0 196 66 27% $73 DEC Alpha 3 0.70 $1500 1.2 234 53 19% $149 SuperSPARC 3 0.70 $1700 1.6 256 48 13% $272 Pentium 3 0.80 $1500 1.5 296 40 9% $417 From "Estimating IC Manufacturing Costs,” by Linley Gwennap, Microprocessor Report, August 2, 1993, p. 15 Redo table for smaller line width and with “volume” figures.

Other Costs Packaging Cost: depends on pins, heat dissipation Die Cost + Testing Cost + Packaging Cost IC Cost = ------------------------------------------------------- Final Test Yield Chip Die Package Test & Total cost pins type cost Assembly 386DX $4 132 QFP $1 $4 $9 486DX2 $12 168 PGA $11 $12 $35 PowerPC 601 $53 304 QFP $3 $21 $77 HP PA 7100 $73 504 PGA $35 $16 $124 DEC Alpha $149 431 PGA $30 $23 $202 SuperSPARC $272 293 PGA $20 $34 $326 Pentium $417 273 PGA $19 $37 $473

Chip Prices (August 1993) Assume purchase 10,000 units Chip Area Mfg. Price Multi- Comment mm2 cost plier 386DX 43 $9 $31 3.4 Competition! 486DX2 81 $35 $245 7.0 No Competition PowerPC 601 121 $77 $280 3.6 DEC Alpha 234 $202 $1231 6.1 Recover R&D Expense? Pentium 296 $473 $965 2.0 Early in shipments Assume purchase 10,000 units

System Cost (1995-96 Workstation) Cabinet Sheet metal, plastic 1% Power supply, fans 2% Cables, nuts, bolts 1% (Subtotal) (4%) Motherboard Processor 6% DRAM (64MB) 36% Video system 14% I/O system 3% Printed Circuit board 1% (Subtotal) (60%) I/O Devices Keyboard, mouse 1% Monitor 22% Hard disk (1 GB) 7% Tape drive (DAT) 6% (Subtotal) (36%)

Cost vs. Price Lower costs does not necessarily mean lower prices, it may just mean increased profits. (WS–PC) list price +50–80% Average Discount Q: What % of company income on Research and Development (R&D)? (33–45%) avg. selling price +25–100% Gross Margin gross margin (33–14%) +33% Direct Costs direct costs direct costs (8–10%) * R&D is 4% of income (PC company) to 12% (high end server) Component Cost component cost component cost component cost (25–31%) Input: chips, displays, ... Making it: labor, scrap, returns, ... Overhead: R&D, rent, marketing, profits, ... Commission: channel profit, volume discounts,