Click on one of the following icons to go to that resource. Chapter Resources Click on one of the following icons to go to that resource. earth.msscience.com Image Bank Foldables Video Clips and Animations Chapter Summary Chapter Review Questions Standardized Test Practice

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Image Bank Volcano Eruption

Image Bank Lava Flow

Image Bank Intrusive Rock Forms

Image Bank Extrusive Rock Forms

Image Bank Gabbro Rock

Image Bank Granite

Image Bank Slate

Image Bank Altered Rock

Image Bank Gneiss

Image Bank Lincoln Memorial

Image Bank Sandstone

Image Bank Erosion

Image Bank Compaction

Image Bank Minerals Crystallize

Image Bank Conglomerate

Image Bank Shale

Image Bank Siltstone

Image Bank Cement Driveway

Image Bank Rock Salt

Image Bank Chalk

Foldables Major Rock Types Make the following Foldable to help you organize facts about types of rocks.

Foldables Fold a sheet of paper in half lengthwise. Make the back edge about 5 cm longer than the front edge.

Turn the paper so the fold is on the bottom. Then fold it into thirds. Foldables Turn the paper so the fold is on the bottom. Then fold it into thirds.

Unfold and cut only the top layer along both folds to make three tabs. Foldables Unfold and cut only the top layer along both folds to make three tabs.

Label the Foldable as shown. Foldables Label the Foldable as shown.

Make an Organizational Study Fold Foldables Make an Organizational Study Fold As you read the chapter, write and illustrate what you learn about the three main types of rocks in your study fold.

Video Clips Click image to view movie.

Reviewing Main Ideas 1 The Rock Cycle A rock is a mixture of one or more minerals, rock fragments, organic matter, or volcanic glass. The rock cycle includes all processes by which rocks form.

Magma and lava are molten materials that harden to form igneous rocks. Reviewing Main Ideas 2 Igneous Rocks Magma and lava are molten materials that harden to form igneous rocks. Intrusive igneous rocks form when magma cools slowly below Earth’s surface. Extrusive igneous rocks form when lava cools rapidly at the surface. The compositions of most igneous rocks range from granitic to andesitic to basaltic.

Heat, pressure, and fluids can cause metamorphic rocks to form. Reviewing Main Ideas 3 Metamorphic Rocks Heat, pressure, and fluids can cause metamorphic rocks to form. Slate and gneiss are examples of foliated metamorphic rocks. Quartzite and marble are examples of nonfoliated metamorphic rocks.

Reviewing Main Ideas 4 Sedimentary Rocks Detrital sedimentary rocks form when fragments of rocks and minerals are compacted and cemented together. Chemical sedimentary rocks come out of solution or are left behind by evaporation. Organic sedimentary rocks contain the remains of once-living organisms.

Question 1 What process causes metamorphic rocks to change to magma? Chapter Review Question 1 What process causes metamorphic rocks to change to magma? A. cooling B. erosion C. melting D. weathering

Chapter Review Answer The answer is C. When metamorphic rock melts it changes to magma.

Question 2 What determines the grain size of an igneous rock? Chapter Review Question 2 What determines the grain size of an igneous rock? A. amount of pressure on molten rock B. amount of trapped gas in magma C. rate of cooling of magma D. rate of melting of sedimentary layer

Chapter Review Answer The answer is C. The faster magma cools, the smaller the grain size of the igneous rock. Rocks with few or no mineral grains can still have holes resulting from trapped gases.

Question 3 Which of the following is a chemical sedimentary rock? Chapter Review Question 3 Which of the following is a chemical sedimentary rock? A. chalk B. coal C. limestone D. sandstone

Chapter Review Answer The answer is C. Limestone forms when calcium carbonate comes out of solution as calcite and its many crystals grow together.

Chapter Review Question 4 If sedimentary rock layers were not disturbed after they were deposited, which layer would be the youngest? A. the one at the bottom B. the one at the top C. the one in the middle D. the one that is thickest

Chapter Review Answer The correct answer is B. The rock layer at the bottom would be the oldest.

Chapter Review Question 5 Which of the following detrital sedimentary rocks is composed of sediments with sharp angles? A. breccia B. sandstone C. shale D. siltstone

Chapter Review Answer The answer is A. Conglomerate and breccia both form from large sediments.

Question 1 What type of rock is represented in the table? Magma Type Standardized Test Practice Question 1 What type of rock is represented in the table? Magma Type Basaltic Andesitic Granitic Intrusive Gabbro Diorite Granite Extrusive Basalt Andesite Pumice Rhyolite Obsidian

A. foliated B. igneous C. metamorphic D. sedimentary Magma Type Standardized Test Practice Magma Type Basaltic Andesitic Granitic Intrusive Gabbro Diorite Granite Extrusive Basalt Andesite Pumice Rhyolite Obsidian A. foliated B. igneous C. metamorphic D. sedimentary

Standardized Test Practice Answer The answer is B. Rocks formed from cooling magma are igneous rocks. They are either intrusive or extrusive, depending on where the cooling magma was located.

Standardized Test Practice Question 2 Which of the rocks in this table is rich in iron and magnesium, poor in silica, and forms below Earth’s surface? Magma Type Basaltic Andesitic Granitic Intrusive Gabbro Diorite Granite Extrusive Basalt Andesite Pumice Rhyolite Obsidian

A. andesite B. diorite C. gabbro D. granite Magma Type Basaltic Standardized Test Practice Magma Type Basaltic Andesitic Granitic Intrusive Gabbro Diorite Granite Extrusive Basalt Andesite Pumice Rhyolite Obsidian A. andesite B. diorite C. gabbro D. granite

Standardized Test Practice Answer The answer is C. Gabbro is an intrusive, basaltic igneous rock formed from iron– and magnesium-rich magma.

Question 3 What is the substance labeled “B”? A. extrusion B. lava Standardized Test Practice Question 3 What is the substance labeled “B”? A. extrusion B. lava C. magma D. scoria

Standardized Test Practice Answer The answer is C. Magma is molten material below Earth’s surface. Lava is magma that flows from volcanoes at Earth’s surface.

Question 4 Which type of rock is formed at A? A. basalt B. diorite Standardized Test Practice Question 4 Which type of rock is formed at A? A. basalt B. diorite C. gabbro D. granite

Standardized Test Practice Answer The answer is A. Extrusive rocks form at Earth’s surface. Basalt is an extrusive igneous rock. Diorite, gabbro, and granite are all intrusive igneous rocks.

Question 5 Which type of rock is formed at B? A. basalt B. granite Standardized Test Practice Question 5 Which type of rock is formed at B? A. basalt B. granite C. pumice D. scoria

Standardized Test Practice Answer The answer is B. Intrusive rocks form below Earth’s surface. Basalt, pumice and scoria are all extrusive igneous rocks.

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