Transcendentalism 1836-1861.

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Presentation transcript:

Transcendentalism 1836-1861

What is Transcendentalism? http://study.com/academy/lesson/transcendentalism-impact-on-american-literature.html Watch and fill in your notes This video does a fantastic job of explaining transcendentalism and will help you better grasp its overall meaning

Base of Transcendentalism Believed that any individual was greater and more powerful than any institution and believed that inside every person’s head was God’s secret voice This meant that there was no need for church, books, and learning since God was speaking to every person individually

Major Beliefs Everything in the world, including human beings, is a reflection of the Divine Soul People can use their intuition to behold God’s spirit revealed in nature or in their own souls Self-reliance and individualism must outweigh external authority and blind conformity to tradition

Major Beliefs Basic truths could be found from intuitions --- which means you don’t learn how to learn things you just know already Nature was self-knowledge Over-soul = Combination of every god from every religion Individualism Goodness of nature

Your mind is all you need to figure out the great mysteries of life You don’t need someone teaching you something You don’t have to learn something in order to figure it out You are born knowing and have God directly speaking to you

Core Ideas There is a “true” reality that transcends, or goes beyond, the physical world. People will find truth within themselves, not through logic, religion or the senses Nature is a doorway to the spiritual world

Nonconformity Self-reliance Free thought Confidence Key Beliefs Nonconformity Self-reliance Free thought Confidence Importance of Nature

Main Figures: Emerson Ralph Waldo Emerson Teacher, philosopher, lecturer Essays- “Self-reliance” & “Nature” “Self-Reliance” Contains the most thorough statement of Emerson’s recurrent themes: the need for each individual to avoid conformity and false consistency and follow his or her own instincts and ideas --- It analyzes the self “Nature”: Emerson’s division of nature into Commodity, Beauty, Language and Discipline --- distinctions that define the ways by which humans use nature for their basic needs, their desire for light, their communication with one another, and their understanding of the world

Emerson’s Writing Style His sentences are clear, but when put into paragraphs he can be rather confusing Mostly wrote about his observations in his life Optimist Wrote some prose pieces, but mostly poetry

Main Figures: Thoreau Henry David Thoreau Student, practitioner Mostly wrote about natural history and philosophy Book- Walden Written about his times living alone in a shack living in shack next to Walden pond A reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings. The work is part personal declaration of independence, social experiment, voyage of spiritual discovery, satire, and manual for self-reliance Essay- “Civil Disobedience” Argues that individuals should not permit governments to overrule their consciences and that they have a duty to prevent the government from doing so

Romanticism vs. Transcendentalism

Romanticism View of God and God’s Role in the Lives of People Romanticism had less to do with God than Transcendentalists God, when mentioned, was seen as an external voice instead of a divine spark within each person and thing Concerned with the grotesque as well as the beautiful Believed in inherent darkness in human nature as well as an inherent light Less optimistic than Transcendentalists

Transcendentalism View of God and God’s Role in the Lives of People Transcendentalists: God is an internal force and that as His creations, every person and everything has within it a divine spark or an “inner light” Therefore the ultimate goal of the human experience was to connect to that inner light and connect to God and all living things

Romanticism View of Human Beings Romantics believed there was an inherent goodness and dark side of human beings Explored the effects of guilt, sin, and misery on the human spirit Believed there were flaws in the universe

Transcendentalists and Human Beings Believed in pure goodness of people and the universe No flaws in the universe only God Innate goodness in the human spirit is a given due to the “inner light” and because all people carry a part of God within their soul Therefore inherent goodness is unavoidable because we are all God

Romantic Writing Stresses the use of intuition over reason and effect versus details Uses large contrasts between good and evil, darkness and light

Transcendentalist Writing Relates more to the senses than to reason and facts Positive and optimistic writing Every Transcendentalists writer wrote differently Their works are grouped together due to their content not the matter in which they were written Writing is concerned more with the journey of the spirit rather than the body or the mind

Goal of Every Transcendentalist To relate all individuals to both the natural world and the world they had inside themselves (their inner world)

Romanticism vs. Transcendentalism in Summary Romanticism brings out strong emotions and exemplifies significant events --- About strong motivational force that focuses on patriotism, loyalty, and allegiance Transcendentalism is the power of knowledge to transcend intellectual growth and spirituality --- highlights the power of divinity, nature, and individualism

Romanticism vs. Transcendentalism Romanticism exemplifies the importance of emotions and freedom over intellectual growth --- They believe that everyone should follow what they’re feeling Transcendentalism draws inspiration from the beyond or external to the human perspective even beyond reasoning and normal traditions

Romanticism vs. Transcendentalism Romanticism doesn’t heavily emphasize the power of God as the center of the universe Transcendentalism strongly believes in God, divination, and the truth of miracles Transcendentalism believed God was the center of the universe and respect should be given to him