REVIEW Nutrition & Transport

1. Explain what a food label tells you. The nutritional facts found in processed foods.

2. Identify the following information for the food to the left. Serving size 2 crackers b. Total carbohydrates 10g c. Calories 60 d. Protein 2g 3. How many calories would you consume if you ate 2 servings of these crackers? 60 x 2 = 120 calories

oral cavity stomach gall bladder pancreas large intestine 4. Identify each structure labeled in the diagram. oral cavity stomach gall bladder pancreas large intestine small intestine rectum

5. Where does protein digestion begin? stomach 6. What is the function of F? Absorb water 7. Where are nutrients absorbed into the blood? Villi of small intestine 8. What does C produce? Where does it go? Pancreatic juice (enzymes), moves into SI 9. What is the function of G? Stores bile 10 Chemical digestion is completed in this structure. D – small intestine 11. What type of digestion occurs in A? Mechanical (teeth), chemical (enzyme in saliva)

12. What is the name of this process? What is its function? Peristalsis, push food through digestive system 13. Where in the digestive tract does this process occur? Esophagus, stomach, SI, LI

14. What is structure F? What is the function of this substance? Liver, produces bile which emulsifies fat 15. Identify structure B. What kind of digestion occurs here? Stomach, mechanical and chemical digestion 16. What is the function of structure A? Pushes food into stomach by peristalsis

17. Through which of these structures does food pass through? Esophagus (A), stomach (B), small intestine (D) 18. Which organs are not part of the digestive tract? How do they aid in digestion? Liver (F) – produce bile which emulsifies fat Gall Bladder (E) – stores bile Pancreas (c) – produces pancreatic juice which contains many enzymes

19. Describe the role of the small intestine in digestion. Where most chemical digestion occurs Where chemical digestion is completed Lined will VILLI which absorb nutrients into the blood.

20. Identify the labeled organs. A – salivary glands B - Esophagus C – Stomach D – Pancreas E - Large intestine F - Appendix G - Small intestine H – Gall bladder I - Liver

21. Through what organs does food pass? (in order) mouth Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Anus

22. Where excess water absorbed? Large intestine (E) 23. What occurs in structure G? Absorption of nutrients by villi 24. What does I produce? Where does it go? Bile  stored in gall bladder  sent to SI 25. Produces saliva which contains an enzyme that is sent to the mouth. Salivary Glands (A) 26. This is where chemical digestion ends. Small intestine (G)

27. Identify organs where there is no digestion occurring. Esophagus Liver Salivary glands Pancreas Gall bladder

28. Explain the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion. Mechanical is a physical breakdown, while chemical digestion breaks down complex molecules into more simple molecules using enzymes.

29. Where does mechanical digestion begin? How? Mouth – teeth grind up food 30. Where does chemical digestion begin? How? Mouth – ptyalin in saliva starts to chemically break down starches into sugar 31. Where does chemical digestion end? Duodenum (small intestine) 32. Where does most chemical digestion occur? 33. Where and how are nutrients absorbed once food has been completely broken down. They are absorbed in the villi of the small intestine by diffusion.

34. Identify the digestive organ described. a. Where the digestion of protein begins. stomach b. Where mechanical digestion begins. mouth c. Site of water absorption. Large intestine d. All chemical digestion is completed here. Duodenum (SI) e. Where the breakdown of starch begins. f. Where bile is stored. Gall bladder g. Releases many enzymes into the SI. Pancreas h. Pushes food into the stomach. esophagus i. Where the absorption of nutrients occurs. Small intestine j. Lining is protected by a mucus layer.

37. The main function of the human digestive system is to (1) break down foods for absorption into the blood (2) exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs (3) release energy from sugars within the cells (4) carry nutrients to all parts of the body 1 38. Nutrients from digested food enter the blood stream through the process of (1) absorption (3) respiration (2) elimination (4) secretion 1

39. Which part of the human blood: Carries oxygen? Red blood cells b. Protects the body? White blood cells c. Controls blood clotting? Platelets d. consists mainly of water? plasma e. Contains hemoglobin?

40. Identify structures X, Y, and Z. X – white blood cells Y – red blood cells Z - platelet

41. Explain the difference between arteries and veins. Arteries carry blood AWAY from heart. Veins carry blood to the heart. Arteries are larger, more muscular and elastic than veins. Arteries carry blood under higher pressure than veins. Veins have valves to prevent the backflow of blood. Arteries do not have valves.

42. Explain what occurs in capillaries and why. The exchange or diffusion of substances into or out of the capillary. Capillaries are extremely small and have a VERY thin lining that allows for diffusion to occur.

43.The diagram represents a capillary near some cells. glucose O2 CO2 O2 glucose glucose O2 CO2 43.The diagram represents a capillary near some cells. a. Identify the substances diffusing out of the capillary and into cells. b. Identify the substances diffusing out of cells into the capillary. CO2 O2 glucose 22

B – Left atrium D – left ventricle E – right ventricle 44. Identify the structures below. Do not label structures A and C. B – Left atrium D – left ventricle E – right ventricle F – right atrium G – upper vena cava H - aorta

45. When blood passes through the heart from the left atrium (D) to the left ventricle (E), it must first pass through a valve

Arteries Capillaries Veins 46. Describe the function of plasma. Transports materials (blood cells, hormones, wastes…) 47. Describe the function and shape of red blood cells. Disc shaped, no nucleus, carries oxygen & carbon dioxide 48. Identify the blood vessels below: Arteries Capillaries Veins

49. Identify the blood vessel described. a. Carry blood towards the heart. veins b. Thickest blood vessel. arteries c. Where the diffusion of substances occurs. capillaries d. Contain valves. Veins e. Blood vessel used when measuring pulse rate. f. Thinnest blood vessel g. Blood flows through with a lot of pressure. h. Very elastic.

50. Explain the function of the circulatory system. Transport materials through the body 51. Describe the four chambers of the heart. right atrium & right ventricle – pump deoxygenated blood from cells to lungs Left atrium & left ventricle – pump oxygenated blood from lungs to cells 52. Explain the importance of valves in the heart. Prevent blood from moving backwards 53. Why is the septum so important? Prevents blood in right and left sides from mixing 54. Where is deoxygenated blood pumped to? The lungs 55. Where is oxygenated blood pumped to? To body cells 56. Identify the largest artery in the body. Where does it pump blood to? Oxygenated or deoxygenated? Aorta, to all body cells, oxygenated

57.Identify the part of the heart being described. a. Chamber that receives oxygenated blood. Left atrium b. Wall that separates the right and left side of the heart. septum c. Chamber that pumps out deoxygenated blood. Right ventricle d. Chamber that receives deoxygenated blood. Right atrium e. Prevents the backflow of blood between atria and ventricles. valves f. Chamber that pulps out oxygenated blood. Left ventricles

Label: 1,4,10,7,8 59. upper vena cava aorta Left ventricle Right ventricle Lower vena cava

60. Salivary gland mouth epiglottis esophagus liver Gall bladder stomach duodenum pancreas Large intestine Small intestine appendix rectum