Oceanography Chapter 10.

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Presentation transcript:

Oceanography Chapter 10

Oceanography Oceanography - is the study of Earth’s oceans. A science that draws on the methods and knowledge of geology, chemistry, physics, and biology to study all aspects of the ocean Oceanographers may specialize in the study of the oceans’ depths, coral reefs, or the geography of the ocean floor.

Ocean Basins Pacific Ocean – Largest and Deepest Atlantic – half the size of the pacific Indian – half the size of the Atlantic but similar in depth

Ocean Properties Ch 10-3 Levels of salinity - can differ from place to place - precipitation, rivers, and melting glaciers lowers salinity - evaporation raises salinity - varies more at the surface than in deep ocean water Temperature layers - surface (warmest, 100-300 m deep, temperature varies) - thermocline (temperature drops sharply with depth) - deep (coldest, below 5 °C)

Desalination Fresh water is a valuable natural resource that is in short supply and often depends on precipitation. Minerals and salts in the ocean water must be removed before being drinkable. Desalination plants remove these minerals and salts a number of ways - heating until evaporation occurs and leaves the deposits behind, then the vapor is condensed to form fresh water - freezing (frozen ocean water is free of salts), the ice is then cleaned and melted

Oceanic Landforms Chapter 10-8

Ocean Features Continental margin: continental shelf and continental slope. Ocean floor: plains, mountain ranges, (mid-ocean ridges), and trenches. Seamounts (ex. Hawaiian islands) and guyots.

Continental Shelf The gently sloping submerged surface extending from the shoreline Some continental shelves can extend as far as 1500 kilometers others are almost nonexistent Which ocean has a larger continental shelf Pacific or Atlantic?

Continental Shelf Atlantic Continental shelves important for economic purposes Contain mineral deposits, large reservoirs of oil and natural gas. Important for fishing grounds

Continental Slope The boundary between the continental crust and oceanic crust

Ocean Basin Floor Deep-Ocean Trenches Long, narrow creases in the ocean floor that form the deepest parts of the ocean Most trenches are located along the margins of the Pacific Ocean Many are as deep as 10,000 meters Mariana Trench deepest – 11,022 m Deeper than Mt. Everest is high (8,848 m)

Ocean Basin Floor Deep-ocean Trenches Form at the site of plate convergence One plate sliding underneath another plate and plunges back into the mantle The large number of trenches and volcanic activity along the Pacific Ocean give the region its nickname the Ring of Fire

Trenches

Ocean Basin Floor Abyssal Plains Deep, extremely flat features Most level places on Earth Thick accumulations of fine sediments, deposited by currents or suspended sediments settling out Atlantic ocean has the most extensive abyssal plain because it has very few trenches

Abyssal Plains

Ocean Basin Floor Seamounts Submerged volcanic peaks Volcanoes that have not reached the ocean surface Form at volcanic hot spots Hawaii Once underwater volcanoes reach the surface they form islands

Ocean-Basin Floor Guyots Over time volcanic islands are eroded and sink below the ocean surface again Once-active, now-submerged volcanoes are called guyots This process takes millions of years

Mid-Ocean Ridges Found near the center of most ocean basins Underwater mountains that have developed on newly formed oceanic crust Longest topographic feature on Earth 70,000 kilometers in length

Mid-Ocean Ridges Seafloor Spreading Lots of volcanic activity Divergent plate boundary Two plates are moving apart New ocean floor is formed at the mid-ocean ridges as magma rises between the diverging plates and cools

Seafloor Sediments Chapter 10-7

Seafloor Sediments Most of the ocean floor is covered with sediment Deposited by currents Slowly settled onto the seafloor from above Coarser sediments, like sand, cover the continental shelf Finer sediments, like silt and clay, cover the deep ocean floor

Types of Seafloor Sediments Ooze Biological in origin Consist of shells and skeletons of marine animals (usually microscopic) and algae Produced from carbonate shells of organisms such as diatoms Single celled algae Shells made out of silica Consistency thick like mud Do not accumulate in deeper areas of ocean basins

Types of Seafloor Sediments Nodules Consist of minerals that crystallize directly from ocean water through chemical reactions Made up of mostly manganese, nickel, and iron compounds Small amounts of copper, lead, zinc, and silver

Coral Reefs Then currents, waves, and tides together. Exploration of the ocean

Energy Resources Oil and gas are the main energy products currently being obtained from the ocean floor Ancient remains of microscopic organisms are the source of today's deposits of oil and natural gas The organisms were buried within the marine sediments before they had a chance to decompose After millions of years of being exposed to heat from Earth's interior and pressure from over laying rock the remains are transformed into oil and gas

Energy Resources 30% of the worlds oil production comes from offshore drilling This has greatly increased from only trace amounts in the 1930s This increase is due to updates in technologies Offshore reserves Persian Gulf, Gulf of Mexico, off the coast of southern California, North Sea, East Indies and many others

Energy Resources Could there be a problem with offshore drilling?

Gas Hydrates Are compact chemical structures made of water and natural gas Most common gas hydrate is methane Form under the ocean floor at depths below 525 meters Why do you think we do not mine for gas hydrates?

Other Seafloor Resources Sand and gravel, evaporative salts, and manganese nodules

Sand and Gravel Sand and gravel are mined by offshore barges Used for landfill, to fill in recreational beaches, and to make concrete Great economic value only second to the off shore oil industry Some sands are then mined for diamonds, tin, platinum, and titanium

Manganese Nodules Hard lumps of manganese and other metals that precipitate around a smaller object With current technology mining the deep- ocean floor for manganese nodules is possible but not profitable

Evaporative Salts When seawater evaporates the salt increase in concentration until they can no longer remain dissolved The salts precipitate out of solution and form salt deposits Used for table salt, de ice roads, and dying fabric