Dwight David Eisenhower (Ike)

I. BRINKSMANSHIP RULES US POLICY Secretary of State DULLES in order to stop the spread of communism, the United States must promise to use all its force, INCLUDING NUCLEAR WEAPONS, against any aggressor nation BRINKSMANSHIP- Willingness of the United States to go to the edge (“brink”) of all-out war

“Massive Retaliation” with nukes was meant to “deter” Soviet aggression Army and Navy are trimmed; AIR FORCE (bomb delivery) and nuclear arsenal are expanded ARMS RACE- Both the U.S. and Soviets build up their nuclear stockpiles Fear of Nuclear War becomes a constant in American life for next 30 years

H bomb is developed 67 times as powerful as the one dropped on Hiroshima 1952=- US develops 1953- USSR develops http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r0dUIq8gHgc&NR=1&feature=endscreen

How can this massive build up actually make the world a safer place?

Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) each side has enough nuclear weaponry to destroy the other side…. either side, if attacked for any reason by the other, would retaliate without fail with equal or greater force. (BRINKSMANSHIP)…. neither side will dare to launch a first strike because the other side will launch, resulting in unacceptable losses for both parties. The payoff of the MAD doctrine is expected to be a tense but stable global peace.

New Role for the CIA; Iranian example Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)- Basically, spies sent abroad to gather information COVERT operations- secret operations to weaken or overthrow governments unfriendly to the United States

IRAN example: 1951- Iran’s oil fields were “nationalized” by its Prime Minister Britain stops buying Iranian oil US afraid Iran will turn to Soviet Union for aid

CIA action: Sponsors revolution vs. Iranian government http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W3f4qrqagnE CIA action: Sponsors revolution vs. Iranian government Supports new government under the Shah (With CIA support, he will suppress Islamic fundamentalists, leading to the revolution of 1979)

Hungarians successfully seize capital and call on the US for help….. Should we?

Limits of Containment: Hungary US response: Does not assist rebels WHY NOT?

The Space Race Begins 1957: SPUTNIK launched US begins space Program 1958- launches 1st satelite

The U-2 Incident 1953- new Soviet leader: Nikita Kruschev U-2 spy plane shot down May 1, 1960… Krushchev demands an apology….. Should we apologize?

The U-2 Incident Ike denies at first…. Then refuses to apologize Kruschev launches a tirade against the U.S. at a summit meeting before storming out… Cold War at its height for the 1960 election….

J JFK AND THE COLD WAR

JFK president video: http://www. youtube. com/watch CRISIS: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zObCklM5LPw Five options:

JKF GUARANTEES TO PUT A MAN ON THE MOON!

WHY INVADE? Fidel Castro creates a communist government in Cuba

RESULTS: Bay of Pigs Kennedy learns of plan to invade Cuba 9 days after elected…. Okays it… Disaster

Cuban Missile Crisis: BRINKSMANSHIP

October 1962- Cuban missile crisis

5 options: Do nothing: ignore the missiles in Cuba Open direct negotiations with Krushchev asking that the missiles be withdrawn (is this “negotiable”? Would it be giving in to, or rewarding, the action?) Order a blockade of Cuba until the missiles are removed (RFK) Send a warning to Castro and Kruschev, and if the dismantling of the missile sites is not underway within 24 hours, order an air strike against the sites (CIA director) *** “brinksmanship” Order an air strike against the missile sites without any warning (Taylor- chairman, joint chief of staff)

The result JFK: blockade Nukes gone… we will leave Cuba alone…. (we also agree to remove nukes from Greece and Turkey)

JFK: PEACE CORPS CREATED VOLUNTEERS TO DEVELOPING NATIONS OF ASIA, AFRICA, LATIN AMERICA AGRICULTURAL ADVISORS, TEACHERS…

COLD WAR REPORT CARDS: