Ethnic differences in achievement & External factors (Cultural Deprivation) Examine differences in ethnic achievement Explore notions of cultural deprivation and analyse key reasons Evaluate the role of different factors in educational achievement SPEC: Different sociological explanations of ethnic differences in educational achievement in relation to external factors, e.g. cultural deprivation. ALL (Grade C/D) Briefly explain differences in ethnic achievement, recall one study on cultural deprivation, and offer some general criticisms. MOST (Grade B/C) Thoroughly explain differences in ethnic achievement, recall two studies on cultural deprivation, and offer a range of criticisms. SOME (Grade A/A*) Detailed explain differences in ethnic achievement, recall three studies on cultural deprivation, and offer a range of depth of analysis and evaluation.

Key Concept: Ethnicity People who share common history, customs and identity, as well as, in most cases, language and religion, and who see themselves as a distinct unit. What non-white ethnic groups exist in the UK? What white ethnic groups exist in the UK? What mixed groups exist?

Evidence of Ethnic Differences in Achievement Key Groups for A-Level Sociology What are the top three and bottom three achieving ethnic groups?  What could be the reasons for these differences?

Analysis from Official Statistics What do the statistics tell us?...... Within all ethnic groups, girls do better than boys and m/c do better than w/c White pupils make up around 4/5 of all of all pupils. Only 24% of White male pupils who were on free school-meals gained 5 A*-C Grades. White & Asian pupils on average achieve higher than Black pupils Amongst Asians, Indians do better than Pakistanis & Bangladeshis White pupils make less progress between the ages of 11-16 years-old compared to Black or Asian pupils. If current trends continue then White pupils will become the lowest performing ethnic group in the UK.

Note taking Tips Describe the factor Link it to an ethnic group Apply it to achievement / underachievement

Cultural Deprivation: 1) Intellectual & Linguistic Skills: These arguments suggest that many ethnic minority groups (particularly Black, low-income groups), lack adequate stimulation & linguistic development through their socialisation. Bowker (1968): ‘The Education of Coloured Immigrants’. A lack of standard English creates a huge barrier to UK education. Bereiter & Engelman (1966) Language spoken by low-income black families is inadequate for educational success. It is ungrammatical, disjointed, and incapable of expressing abstract ideas. How could these arguments be evaluated? Doesn’t explain why Indian pupils do so well. Official Statistics: In 2010, EAL students only 3% behind English native speakers in 5 x A-C Results.

How could these arguments be evaluated? 2) Attitudes & Values: These arguments suggest that different ethnic groups are socialised into (or ‘inherit’) different attitudes & values. Arnot (2004) suggests that the Media have created a negative anti-school role model for Black pupils in particular which he describes as ‘the Ultra-Tough Ghetto Superstar ‘ reinforced through rap lyrics & MTV videos. How could these arguments be evaluated? 3) Family Structure & Parental Support: Many sociologists argue that ‘dysfunctional’ family types are to blame for the underachievement of certain ethnic groups. Murray (1984): Moynihan (1965): Scruton (1986): Low achievement is the result of ethnic minorities failing to embrace & conform to British culture. African Caribbean Lone-Parenthood to blame. Lack of male role-models means that mothers struggle to socialise children adequately. New Right guy

Pryce (1979): Asian culture in the UK is much more cohesive than Black culture & as such they are able to ignore racism more effectively and as such are not effected by it as much e.g. low self-esteem leading to educational failure. The impact of Slavery means that much of the Black culture has lost it’s language, religion, ancestry etc. The Black culture are therefore much less likely to integrate & assimilate with White M/C UK. Hall (1992) calls this a ‘Culture of Resistance’. Driver & Ballard (1981): Argue that Asian families have a much more ‘Pro-School’ attitude than Black families. Also because Asian families are rarely lone parents families they offer a bigger support network for children. Lupton (2004) suggests that the ‘Adult Authoritarian’ Asian family matches that of the school. …Remember to Evaluate these ‘Cultural Deprivation’ Theories…

Sewell (2009): In the absence of fathers, gangs offer ‘loyalty and love’. They are subjected to anti-school peer group pressure. Using standard English and doing well at school is seen as ‘selling out’ to the white establishment. McCulloch (1981): Argues that white working class pupils underachievement is down to poor parental support. In her study of four WC schools (Two white, one Pakistani, one ethnically mixed), she found in contrast the parents of ethnic minorities saw education as “a way up in society’. …Remember to Evaluate these ‘Cultural Deprivation’ Theories…

How could these arguments be evaluated? Driver (1977) highlights how ethnicity can be an advantage in education e.g. African Caribbean Girls actually do very well in school due to female role models. Compensatory Education is poor as it imposes a dominant white culture. > Operation Head Start (1960s) > Educational Action Zones (1990s) Sure Start (2000) Better to have: >Multicultural Education > Anti-racist education Ignores racism Schools are ethnocentric Keddie (1971) says that to blame culture is to blame the victims of educational failure.

Review The highest achieving EM group __________ The lowest achieving EM group __________ This Sociologist also talked about Linguistic skills: ___________ In 2010, E_______A_________L_______ students only 3% behind English native speakers in 5 x A-C Results. African Caribbean L_______-P__________ to blame. Lack of m_____ r_____ m_______ to socialise children properly. Hall argues that the Black community have a C_______ of R________, which prevents them assimilating and i___________ Two compensatory policies that impose the dominant white culture are _____________ and _______________. A better alternative is M____________ E____________.