Area Wide Pest Management Programmes and Trade Christina Devorshak, Ph.D. USDA-APHIS-PPQ Center for Plant Health Science and Technology Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Raleigh, NC, USA

Factors affecting AWPM Biological characteristics Environmental characteristics Economic considerations Socio-political considerations

Potential benefits Increased food security Increased productivity Increased quality Reduced pesticide use Reduced impacts on environment Reduced costs over time Potential trade opportunities

IPM and Trade Pesticide residues = SPS measure Pest management / quarantine issues TBT measures measures related to quality (process and production methods), excluding measures for health protection “green” production GAP Organic? some labeling practices

Other trade considerations Montreal Protocol-reduction in ozone depleting substances Exemptions for quarantine use of methyl bromide Reduced availability of methyl bromide Reduced pesticide residues in food Lower maximum residue limits Reduced use of certain pesticides in the field Rethinking “Probit 9” security for phytosanitary treatments

Implications for AWPM Need for exploring alternative phytosanitary measures Potential for more systems approaches AWPM could play an increasingly important role

Implications for AWPM Successful AWPM can lead to enhanced trade opportunities Chile South Africa Australia Brazil Mexico Others…. Mostly targeted to fruit flies

Implications for AWPM Not all pests will be suitable for AWPM Significant commitment of resources Time, experts, money Programmes may last many years Eradication of Medfly in California (1970s) cost over US$ 300 million Continued costs for prevention, survey and detection Benefits and costs must be weighed

What factors should you consider in deciding to undertake an area wide pest management programme (in the context of trade)?

IPPC and AWPM Systems to establish and maintain freedom Establish principle of equivalence Elaboration of the principle of managed risk Defining and describing risk analysis Identifying key elements of surveillance Identifying situations that enhance success

In IPPC terms, we look at: PEST: Any species, strain or biotype of plant, animal or pathogenic agent injurious to plants or plant products QUARANTINE PEST A pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby and not yet present there, or present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled

AWPM and Standards Harmonization When AWPM meets IPPC standards, recognition by importing countries Reduced phytosanitary requirements for exporting countries

AWPM and Standards PRA standards (3) Pest free area / low pest prevalence standards (4) Guidelines for Pest Eradication Programmes Guidelines for Surveillance Code of Conduct for the Import and Release of Exotic Biological Control Agents (revised)

AWPM and Standards Scientific and Technical Guidance Methods for surveillance Gathering and analyzing technical and scientific information Risk mitigation Eradication / pest free areas How to develop programmes Operational considerations Recognition of PFAs

Irradiation as a phytosanitary measure Products treated with ionizing radiation, not radioactive…. Levels used are 10X-several 100X lower than required for food safety purposes Endpoint can be sterility, not mortality Highly effective for many dipteran, lepidopteran and coleopteran pests Not widely accepted in international trade

Biological control agents Originally excluded SIT Based on definition of “biological control agent” Revision to include SIT Elements of risk analysis included in decision making

Guidelines for pest eradication programmes scientific information surveillance technical cost-benefit analysis pathways damage PEST ERADICATION PROGRAM FEASIBILITY

RISK MANAGEMENT OPTIONS ISPM No. 6 Requirements for the establishment of pest free areas ISPM No. 8 Requirements for the establishment of pest free places of production and pest free production sites RISK MANAGEMENT OPTIONS pest records surveillance

Risk analysis ISPMs ISPM # 2: Guidelines for pest risk analysis (under revision) ISPM # 11: Pest risk analysis for quarantine pests including analysis of environmental risks and living modified organisms ISPM # 14: The use of integrated measures in a systems approach for pest risk management ISPM #5: Glossary of phytosanitary terms others

The probability of an adverse Risk: What is it? The probability of an adverse event and the magnitude of the consequences…

RISK RISK = Hazard x Probability x Consequences Risk is EVERYWHERE so we must: Understand it; Live with it; Reduce it; Manage it. If your decisions don’t include risk analysis (even informal), are you making informed decisions?

Risk analysis What can happen? What are we worried about? (Assessment) How likely is it to happen? (Assessment) How bad will it be? (Assessment) What can we do about it? (Management) Let’s talk about it. (Communication)

So, What is Risk Analysis? A systematic way of gathering, evaluating, and recording information leading to recommendations for a position or action in response to an identified hazard

Risk Analysis should: Identify hazards Characterize risks Recognize uncertainty Summarize conclusions Recommend options Document the basis for decisions

Risk Assessment Questions What information is available? What is the quantity and quality of information? What is the probability? What is the magnitude of the consequences (if I do nothing)? Should something be done?

Risk Management Questions What can be done to eliminate or reduce the hazard? How effective are the options? How feasible are the options? What impacts do the options have? What is the level and type of uncertainty? What is the best option?

PRA and the IPPC “-the process of evaluating biological or other scientific and economic evidence to determine whether a pest should be regulated and the strength of any phytosanitary measures to be taken against it.”

Stages of PRA Initiation Risk Assessment Risk Management Transparency probability consequences Risk Management Transparency uncertainty

Initiation Pest-initiated Pathway detection (interception or incursion) research or biological control Pathway commodity evaluation other regulated article policy review or change

Elements of Risk Assessment Probability With pathway Escapes detection Survives transit Favorable location Overcomes resistance Able to reproduce and spread Consequences Direct economic Indirect economic Environmental Other: Political Social aesthetic

Pest Risk Management Treatments? (hot, cold, fumigation, irradiation, others) See https://manuals.cphst.org/TIndex/index.cfm Timing / port of entry Pest free areas Areas of low pest prevalence Certification programmes Restrictions on use / release Eliminate higher risk elements (soil, leaves, etc.) Systems approaches

Systems Approaches “Integrated measures for pest risk management” Used where single measures do not reduce risk sufficiently Pre-planting Post-harvest Pre-harvest Transport and distribution Harvest

Describe the concern which has generated the need. Initiation Identify hazard(s) Estimate the likelihood of occurence Estimate the magnitude of the consequences Develop conclusions and describe uncertainty Describe the concern which has generated the need. Understand the background and expectations. Risk Assessment Mitigation requires assessment Risk requires mitigation Risk Management Develop recommendations and describe uncertainty Evaluate mitigation options for: -Efficacy -Feasability -Impacts Identify mitigation options Decisionmaking Evaluate recommendations against current environment and values to select an option.

Important Linkages Policy makers Regulators Researchers Industry Private sector Others?

PRA and Trade Justify protection measures Evaluate other’s measures Determine appropriate national strategies Area wide pest management Eradication programmes (or suppression?)

Conclusions—AWPM and Trade Enhanced trade opportunities may provide impetus for AWPM programmes Decision to undertake such programmes should fully consider factors: Biological Environmental Socio-political Economic Experience with past programmes

Conclusions—AWPM and Trade Need for awareness Role of standards Official recognition of: Pest free areas Areas of low pest prevalence Technical and scientific guidance available in standards All countries should actively participate in standards process Proposals and priorities for new standards

Conclusions—AWPM and Trade Greater awareness Researchers / scientists Political / social / economic factors Trade related concerns including regulatory requirements Regulators Forward thinking Consider and accept alternative phytosanitary measures Incorporate scientific advances into regulatory decisionmaking

Take home message AWPM and SIT programmes may be affected by and have effects on international trade Int’l trade governed by internationally agreed terms (e.g. STANDARDS) Risk analysis is the scientific and technical basis for standards Risk analysis (including risk management) is an integral part of sound decision-making