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Nat. Rev. Cardiol. doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2016.170 Figure 5 3D printing applications for patients with congenital heart disease Figure 5 | 3D printing applications for patients with congenital heart disease. a,b | Physical model application in an ostium secundum atrial septal defect. After the implantation of a 17 mm AMPLATZER Septal Occluder (St. Jude Medical, USA), a CT-derived 3D-printed model showed that the occluder adequately filled the atrial septal defect without interfering with the venous inlets, and was perfectly aligned with the interatrial septum (panel a). The left-sided countercluder contacted, but did not indent, the aortic wall or the left atrium (LA) roof (panel b). c,d | Flexible 3D-printed models of hearts from infants with double outlet right ventricle (RV) that enable straightforward appreciation of the anatomical relationships (panel c), as well as for hands-on training of the surgical repair of the condition, including suturing of the ventricular septal defect (VSD) patch (panel d). e,f | 3D models of a patient after Mustard procedure. A 3D virtual model (left) and corresponding printed model (right) of the pulmonary venous baffle (PVB) to the systemic RV in a patient aged 36 years with dextrotransposition of the great arteries (d-TGA) after Mustard procedure in heart failure. The model is viewed from the anterior aspect (panel e) and the leftward aspect (panel f). The anatomical landmarks of interest — the prominent trabeculations of the systemic RV and the moderator band (MB) — were well reproduced. This procedure enables presurgical planning of cannula placement to avoid possible inflow obstruction as a result of these trabeculations. Ao, aorta; IVC, inferior vena cava; LV, left ventricle; PA, pulmonary artery; RA, right atrium; RVC, right ventricular cavity; RVOT, right ventricular outflow tract. Panels a and b are reprinted from Bartel, T. et al. Three-dimensional printing for quality management in device closure of interatrial communications. Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging 17, 1069–1069 (2016) with permission from Oxford University Press and the ESC. Panels e and f are reprinted from Farooqi, K. M. et al. 3D printing to guide ventricular assist device placement in adults with congenital heart disease and heart failure. JACC Heart Fail. 4, 301–311 (2016) with permission from Elsevier. Panels a and b are reprinted from Bartel, T. et al. Three-dimensional printing for quality management in device closure of interatrial communications. Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging 17, 1069–1069 (2016) with permission from Oxford University Press and the ESC. Panels e and f are reprinted from Farooqi, K. M. et al. 3D printing to guide ventricular assist device placement in adults with congenital heart disease and heart failure. JACC Heart Fail. 4, 301–311 (2016) with permission from Elsevier Giannopoulos, A. A. et al. (2016) Applications of 3D printing in cardiovascular diseases Nat. Rev. Cardiol. doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2016.170