Contrast 1

Semester Project Ch. 12 has detailed instructions Follow them 2

How can you find phonemes? You are working with a language It has the phones [l] [ɫ] and [ɬ] Lateral approximant Lateral fricative Lateral velarized 3

How can you find phonemes? Do 3 laterals belong to same of different phonemes? 4

How can you find phonemes? Do 3 laterals belong to same of different phonemes? If there are minimals pairs there is contrast, the phones belong to different phonemes 5

Minimal Pair 2 criteria 2 words that are same except in one phone Exchanging the phones makes the meaning change 6

Minimal Pair English [laɪk] vs. [ɫaɪk] 7

Minimal Pair English [laɪk] vs. [ɫaɪk] Identical except in one sound? 8

Minimal Pair English [laɪk] vs. [ɫaɪk] Identical except in one sound? yes 9

Minimal Pair English [laɪk] vs. [ɫaɪk] Identical except in one sound? Yes Exchanging the sounds changes meaning? 10

Minimal Pair English [laɪk] vs. [ɫaɪk] Identical except in one sound? Yes Exchanging the sounds changes meaning? No 11

Minimal Pair [laɪk] and [ɫaɪk] not minimal pair So [l] and [ɫ] are allophones of the same phoneme /l/---[l] \ [ɫ] 12

Minimal Pair In language X [lip] and [ɫip] mean different things 13

Minimal Pair In language X [lip] and [ɫip] mean different things They are not a minimal pair So [l] and [ɫ] are allophones of different phonemes /l/---[l] /ɫ/---[ɫ] 14

Minimal Pair In English find minimal pairs for [z] and [s] 15

Minimal Pair In English find minimal pairs for [z] and [s] [d] and [ð] 16

Minimal Pair In English find minimal pairs for [z] and [s] [d] and [ð] [n] and [ŋ] 17

Minimal Pair In English find minimal pairs for [z] and [s] [d] and [ð] [n] and [ŋ] ‘fang’ ‘feign’ ‘sing’ ‘seen’ 18

Minimal Pair In English find minimal pairs for [z] and [ʒ] 19

Minimal Pair In English find minimal pairs for [z] and [ʒ] ‘Caesar’ ‘seizure’ ‘closer’ closure’ 20

English Consonants Where are [ʔ, ɱ, th]? They exist in English 21

English Consonants We compare similar sounds to find minimal pairs Comparing distant sounds results in Batman in NYC and Spiderman in Gotham 22

English Consonants Where are [ʔ, ɱ, th]? Minimal pairs? [n] and [ɱ] [m] and [ɱ] [ʔ] and [t] [ʔ] and [k] [th] and [t] 23

English Consonants Chart includes only contrastive units (phonemes) 24

Malay 25

Fit into IPA What are non IPA symbols? What do you do with aspirated stops? 26

Fit into IPA Dothraki vowels (Avatar) [o, a, y, u, e, ɯ, œ, i] 27

Fit into IPA Dothraki vowels (Avatar) [o, a, y, u, e, ɯ, œ, i] 28

Allophones Are the phonetic realization of phonemes 29

Allophones Are the phonetic realization of phonemes People are aware of changes in phonemes They aren’t aware of changes in allophones 30

Allophones Are the phonetic realization of phonemes People are aware of changes in phonemes They aren’t aware of changes in allophones Why not? 31

Allophones Are the phonetic realization of phonemes People are aware of changes in phonemes They aren’t aware of changes in allophones Why not? Allophones of a phoneme don’t contrast 32

Allophones Which allophone is used depends on Phones around it Stress Position in the word Position in the syllable 33

Allophones Adjacent sounds Tend to become similar [ɹ] in ‘prom’ is often voiceless because [p] is voiceless 34

Allophones Adjacent sounds Tend to become similar [ɹ] in ‘prom’ is often voiceless because [p] is voiceless [n] in ‘tango’ is velar [ŋ] because [g] is velar 35

Allophones Stress Vowels tend to become [ə] when stressless res[áɪ]de rés[ə]dent opp[ó]se opp[ə]sítion 36

Allophones Stress /p, t, k/ are very aspirated in stress syllable, less so in unstressed Totálity cóconut 37

Allophones Syllable position /t/ is [ʔ] in syllable coda foo[ʔ]pad ou[ʔ]put receip[ʔ] 38

Allophones Syllable position /ɹ/ deletes in syllable coda in some varieties pa[∅]t mirro[∅] 39

Allophones Syllable position /ɹ/ deletes in syllable coda in some varieties pa[∅]t Mirro[∅] Even in the US su[∅]prise lib[∅]ary gove[∅]ner barbitu[∅]ate 40

Variation Not all allophones are governed by stress, position, context Some is dialectal, idiolectal Woman who used all [ɫ] Woman with linguo-labial [l] [st] > [ʃt] in ‘step on it’ 41