English dialect typology Melchers and Shaw p.16: Trudgill and Hannah 1982: ‘English-based’: England, Wales, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa ‘American-based’: USA and Canada ‘Scottish-based’: Scotland and N. Ireland ‘Irish-based’: Ireland

Wells - typology Melchers and Shaw p.17: England & S.H. Ireland America Scotland

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Wells - typology Wells p. 181

Wells - typology The four part-systems (RP) Lax vowels Tense vowels

1

Wells - typology Wells p. 182: Type I: Most conservative. No centring diphthongs; vowels from B-system used before r. Vowel-length is important. Provincial southern Irish English; also Jamaica and Barbados

2

Wells - typology Wells p. 182: Type II: augmented D-system because of R-Dropping. Vowel length. Most accents of England and Wales including RP; Southern Hemisphere accents

3

Wells - typology Wells p. 182: Type III. No centring diphthongs: vowels from A-stem before r. Vowel-length unimportant; LOT belongs to D. American mainland accents: GenAm and Canada

4

Wells - typology Wells p. 182: Type IV. Different system of vowel-length. TRAP and LOT are in D, FOOT is in C. No R-Dropping; no centring diphthongs Scotland and N.Ireland

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I. Ireland II. England and S. Hem III. N. America IV Scotland