Industrial Revolution 1700-1900 Ch 25

The Beginnings of Industrialization Sec 1

Objectives Understand the causes of the Industrial Revolution Agricultural Revolution New Inventions Improvements in Transportation Understand why the Industrial Revolution began in England

How were goods made before the Industrial Revolution?

Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution- the shift from making goods by hand to making them by machine, beginning in the 18th century in England

Agricultural Revolution

Enclosure Movement Enclosure Movement- In the early 1700s wealthy landowners began buying small farms and enclosing the land with fences or hedges 2 important results Landowners began trying new farming methods Small farmers became tenant farmers or moved to cities

Seed Drill Jethro Tull- scientific farmer who invented the seed drill The seed drill allowed farmers to plant seeds in well placed rows at specific depths Greatly increased crop yields

What was the method of farming used on manors during the Middle Ages?

Other New Methods Crop rotation- system of growing a different crop in a field each year to preserve the fertility of the land Livestock breeding techniques increased the size of animals

Effects of Agricultural Revolution As food supplies increased England’s population boomed Increasing population brought more demand for food and goods like cloth Many small farmers lost their land and became factory workers

Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England?

Why England? Large population of workers Extensive natural resources Water power and coal Iron ore Rivers for transportation Harbors Expanding economy Highly developed banking system Political stability Growing overseas trade

Factors of Production Britain had all of the factors of production, resources necessary to produce goods and service such as land, labor, and capital

New Technology Textile industry- was the first industry to be transformed Large inventions such as the spinning jenny and power loom took the work of spinning and weaving out of the home and into factories Cotton gin-1793

Improvements in Transportation James Watt- made a more efficient and faster steam engine Robert Fulton- used Watt’s steam engine to build a steamboat Better roads

Railway Age Railroads- Drove English industry after 1820 Cheap transportation Created new jobs Boosted other industries Encouraged country to take distant city jobs

Industrialization Sec 2

What were the social effects of the Industrial Revolution?

Effects of the Industrial Revolution

If you are a factory worker in 19th century England how do you get to work?

Urbanization Urbanization- city building and the moving of people to cities Caused by the growth of the factory system

Living Conditions Because cities grew so rapidly they had no development plans, sanitary codes, or building codes Lack of housing, education, and police protection Poor garbage collection Sickness, epidemics Average lifespan in some cities was 17

Working Conditions 14 hours a day 6 days a week Very dangerous Dimly lit Poor air quality

Class Tensions Middle Class- social class made up of skilled workers, wealthy farmers, professionals, and businessmen Some members of the middle class began to become wealthier than the nobles and landowners Industrial revolution caused the upper middle class to grow

Working Class The working class saw little improvement in their lives as a result of the industrial revolution Replaced by machines Luddites- groups of workers who attacked factories trying to destroy machinery

What were the positive effects of the Industrial Revolution?

Positive Effects Positive Effects Created jobs Contributed to the wealth of the nation Fostered technological progress and invention Increased production of goods Raised standard of living Hope of improving people’s lives Healthier diets Better housing Cheaper clothing

Spread of Industrialization Sec 3

Industrialization in the US US had the same resources that allowed Britain to industrialize Samuel Slater Francis Cabot Lowell

Boom After the Civil War The Northern economy boomed after the Civil War Led by railroads New inventions Lightbulb telephone

Rise of Corporations To raise money for large enterprises, entrepreneurs sold shares of stock Corporation- business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts

Who were the business leaders who led industrialization in the US?

Standard Oil John D Rockefeller- owner of the Standard Oil Company Oil industry Horizontal Integration- combining competing firms into one corporation Once controlled 90% of oil industry

Carnegie Steel Andrew Carnegie- philanthropist and owner of Carnegie Steel (later US Steel) Vertical Integration- acquiring companies that provided the equipment and services needed for a particular industry

Continental Europe Industrialization in Europe was slowed by the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars Industrialization in Europe began in Belgium but was soon led by Germany

Global Inequality Industrialization widened the gap between industrialized and nonindustrialized countries Imperialism- policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, or economically

Reforming the Industrial World Sec 4

Reform As the gap between rich and poor increased many people felt the government should take an active role to improve conditions Business leaders believed that government should stay out of business

Laissez faire Laissez faire- economic policy of letting the owners of industry and business set working conditions without interference “let people do as they please” Government regulations only interfere with the production of wealth

Adam Smith Adam Smith- economist who defended the idea of free markets The Wealth of Nations 1776

3 Natural Laws of Economics The Law of Self-Interest- people work for their own good The Law of Competition- competition forces people to make a better product The Law of Supply and Demand- enough goods would be produced at the lowest possible price to meet demand in a market economy

Capitalism Capitalism- economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business venture to make a profit

Thomas Malthus Thomas Malthus- author who believed the world’s population would eventually outgrow its ability to produce food Without wars and epidemics to kill off extra people, most were destined to be poor and miserable

Utilitarianism Utilitarianism- theory proposed by Jeremy Bentham in the late 1700s that government actions are useful only if they promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people Utilitarianism led people to question unregulated capitalism

Utopia Utopia- perfect society

Socialism Socialism- factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all Government should control the economy to promote equality and end poverty

Karl Marx Karl Marx- philosopher who wrote the Communist Manifesto

Communist Manifesto Written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels 1848 History is a series of battles between the haves (bourgeoisie) and the have nots (proletariat) Industrial Revolution made the rich get richer and poor get poorer

Future According to Marx Capitalism will eventually destroy itself by driving small business owners out and leaving a small number of manufacturers with all the wealth Eventually the proletariat will overthrow the capitalists and a classless society will develop

Communism Communism- form of complete socialism in which the means of production would be owned by the people Private property would cease to exist All goods and services would be shared equally

Labor Unions Union- association of workers, formed to bargain better working conditions and higher wages If factory owners refused demand union members would go on strike