Case study: China and the Soviet Union THE COLD WAR Case study: China and the Soviet Union

RECAP United States Soviet Union Encourage the spread of democracy Raw materials and markets to fuel booming industries Rebuild European governments (to help with the above) Reunite Germany to stabilize Europe Encourage communism and a worldwide workers’ revolution Rebuild war-ravaged economy Control Eastern Europe Keep Germany divided to prevent war

IMPORTANT VOCAB “Iron Curtain” Churchill; Europe’s division between democratic Western Europe and communist Eastern Europe Containment Blocking the spread of communism and Soviet forces How? Truman Doctrine $400 million dollars to stop the spread of communism (Truman = tank)

IMPORTANT VOCAB Marshall Plan Billions of dollars to rebuild war-torn Europe (Marshall = money) NATO Stands for??? Any attack on any NATO country was met with armed force Warsaw Pact Response to… Alliance system like NATO but for Communists

IMPORTANT VOCAB Brinkmanship “going to the brink…” Ready to go to war at any minute **Later replaced by détente** Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) ICBMs Intercontinental ballistic missile Which led to the….

IMPORTANT VOCAB Arms Race (and Space Race) The strategic build up of missiles U-2 Incident “open skies” policy Soviets said no; Eisenhower did it anyway using U-2 spy planes

Essential Question: What impact did the spread of communism into Asia impact the Cold War? Warm Up Question: With a partner, discuss what you know about China’s government and how it came to be that way.

The Cold War was a conflict of rival ideologies between the USA & USSR that lasted from 1945 to 1991 Early in the Cold War from 1945 to 1949, the focus of the conflict was on Europe The United States used the Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, & NATO to successfully contain communism in Europe

Beginning in 1949, however, containment seemed to fail as communism spread to China, Korea, & Vietnam in Asia

For almost 2,000 years, China was the world’s most dominant empire because of trade along the silk road & the power of the ruling dynasties

In the 1600 & 1700s, European nations became powerful, began exploring, & claiming colonies The Industrial Revolution in the 1700s & 1800s made Europe the center of power in the world

Europeans used imperialism to control Africa & Asia Britain used the Opium Wars to claim trade rights in China By 1900, China was weak & divided into spheres of influence

A group of reformers called nationalists called for changes In 1912, Sun Yat-sen ended the Chinese dynastic system & created a democracy called the Republic of China

But, the republic did not modernize China & led to an era of chaos In the 1920s, nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek took over & ran China as a dictatorship Meanwhile, communism was growing in China under the leadership of Mao Zedong Mao’ s Communist Party gained popularity among poor peasants by offering to redistribute land from wealthy warlords

When WWII began, Chiang & Mao agreed to a truce from 1937 to 1945 From 1930 to 1949, Nationalists & Communists fought in a bloody civil war for control of China When WWII began, Chiang & Mao agreed to a truce from 1937 to 1945 After WWII, Communists gained support & began to win control of China

The three “revolutionary” Communists In 1949, the Communists won the Civil War & Mao created the Peoples’ Republic of China Chiang’s gov’t fled China & set up in Taiwan The USA was shocked when China fell to communism & only recognized the Nationalists as the gov’t of China The three “revolutionary” Communists Karl Marx Vladimir Lenin Mao Zedong

Based upon this propaganda poster, what changes will Mao propose for China?

Mao was determined to reshape China’s economy based on Marxist socialism He seized land from the rich & divided the land among the poor peasants Mao followed Stalin’s example by creating collective farms & a Five Year Plan to improve Chinese industry

Based upon this propaganda poster, what two things will Mao’s “Great Leap Forward” focus on?

In 1958, Mao began a massive program to create agriculture & industry called the “Great Leap Forward” Millions of Chinese citizens were sent to work on large collective farms to grow food Other citizens were required to work on massive industrial projects like making iron & steel or building dams & railroads “Backyard furnaces” to make iron Image of a “People’s Commune”

“Struggle hard for 3 years. Change the face of China “Struggle hard for 3 years. Change the face of China. Catch up with Britain & America.” --Mao, 1958

Mao’s Great Leap Forward started well…

…but, the it required forced labor & led to lots of suffering by millions of Chinese citizens

The Great Leap Forward was a failure & led severe food shortages, famine, & poor quality industry

Mao ended the Great Leap Forward after three years Chinese peasants

Based upon this image, what was purpose of Mao’s “Cultural Revolution”?

After the failure of the Great Leap Forward, Mao began the Cultural Revolution (1966 -1976) The goal of the Cultural Revolution was to emphasize Mao’s strict socialist ideas & attack traditional Chinese ideas Mao distributed to all Chinese citizens the “Little Red Book,” a book of his quotes that reinforced what was acceptable for Chinese communists

After the failure of the Great Leap Forward, Mao began the Cultural Revolution (1966 -1976) Mao targeted young people & many joined the Red Guards, a group to protected the culture of the revolution Red Guards closed schools & universities; burned books; & humiliated, beat, killed people who opposed Mao’s ideas

Parades united citizens Attacked teachers, politicians, & critics The Cultural Revolution unified the Chinese people but also led to the deaths or imprisonment of thousands of citizens Executing teachers, politicians, critics

Even without Mao, China remains a Communist nation today In 1976, Mao Zedong died & was followed by more moderate Communist officials Even without Mao, China remains a Communist nation today

The fall of China to communism had a major impact on the Cold War between the USA & USSR

The USA acted when communism threatened Korea The U.S. response to the fall of China was to more aggressively confront communism the world The USA was afraid of a “domino theory” in which communist nations turn their neighbors communist As a result, the USA vowed to contain the spread of communism anywhere in the world The USA acted when communism threatened Korea

In 1950, North Korea (using Soviet supplied weapons) crossed the 38° & attacked South Korea During World War II, Korea was liberated from Japanese control by the U.S. army in the South & the Soviet army in the North When South Korea appealed to the United Nations, the USA sent troops to Korea to contain communism But, when the USA pushed too close to China, the Chinese Army entered the war & helped North Korea After WWII, Korea was divided along the 38° with a communist gov’t in North Korea & a democracy in South Korea

The USA successfully stopped communism from spreading into South Korea & showed that it was willing to fight to contain communism Today, Korea remains divided between a communist North & a democratic South After 3 years of fighting, a ceasefire was agreed to in 1953, the fighting stopped, & the 38° was restored as the boundary between North & South Koreas

The fighting in Korea convinced many nations to not choose a side during the Cold War These “neutral” countries during the Cold War were known as the “non-aligned nations” While Korea was a success, the Cold War would escalate in the 1950s & 1960s as communism threatened Africa, Southeast Asia, & Latin America

SOVIET UNION

Key Players Josef Stalin Bolshevik, Communist leader pre-WWII, during WWII, and post-WWII Command economy, industrialization, collectivization Killed 20-30 million (some reports say 50 million)

Key Players Josef Stalin Five Year Plans Industrial Revolutions Produced results! Agricultural Revolutions Collective farming Brutal but successful

Key Players Josef Stalin Propaganda Secret Police “Great Purge” Totalitarianism Propaganda Secret Police “Great Purge” Censorship Religious persecution

Key Players Nikita Khrushchev Khrushchev and Kennedy – 1960s De-Stalinization Lessening of censorship Space Race and ICBMs As a result, Americans pushed science and math in schools Berlin Wall and Cuban Missile Crisis

Rather than blockade the city, Communist leaders built the Berlin Wall to keep East Germans out of West Berlin

The Berlin Wall became the iconic image of the Cold War Walls and other barriers 10–15 feet high surrounded West Berlin. The length of the barriers around the city totaled about 110 miles The “death strip” stretched like a barren moat around West Berlin, with patrols, floodlights, electric fences, and vehicle traps between the inner and outer walls

When Fidel Castro seized power in Cuba in 1959, the USA feared the spread of communism so close to America

After a failed attempt to overthrow Castro, Khrushchev secretly sent nuclear missiles to Cuba The U.S. successfully blockaded Cuba & Khrushchev removed the ICBMs in exchange for the removal of American ICBMs in Europe The Cuban Missile Crisis was the closest the USA & USSR came to nuclear war

Key Players Leonid Brezhnev Leader of Politburo Ruling committee of Communist party Censorship of speech and worship Negotiated SALT treaties with Nixon Part of détente… Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty Limited ICBMs

Key Players Mikhail Gorbachev Recognized importance of social and economic reforms Free flow of ideas Glasnost = openness (think clearness, like glass) Opened churches, publication of banned books, people allowed to criticize the government

Good Old Gorbachev People complained about central planning Perestroika = economic restructuring “Perry! I done stroika some gold.” Revived Soviet economy, citizens allowed to open small businesses Gorbachev did NOT want to throw out communism, just make it more efficient

Good Old Gorbachev

Good Old Gorbachev Democratization Election of a legislative body from a list of candidates What was it like before? Foreign Policy Reagan and Gorbachev signed the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) – limited missile ranges Stark contrast to other Communist leaders, who were older and resisted reforms

Closure Write a letter, produce a comic or cartoon, or write a poem depicting the daily life of a Soviet or a Chinese worker during the Cold War.