Antebellum Reforms AP US History

Second Great Awakening CC #15 3:18 to 6:13 Event Rebirth of religion in the early 1800s Cause Society wasn’t as religious in the Revolutionary Era so Americans returned to their religious roots Empowerment of common people Evangelical preachers and camp meetings (Charles Finney, Peter Cartwright) Results Attempts to improve American society; numerous reform movements New American religions: Mormons, Millerites

None of the utopias worked out Attempts to create a perfect society in American life New Harmony – socialist experiment Brook Farm – intellectual community Oneida – “free love” Shakers – no reproduction None of the utopias worked out

Reforms (CC 15 6:10-8:15) Attempts to improve or “perfect” society Temperance (1) – American Temperance Society Prisons (1) – Dorothea Dix Schools (1) – Horace Mann

Practice Question Evaluate differences between the First Great Awakening and the Second Great Awakening. (Doc A,B)

One difference between the Great Awakenings was the First Great Awakening resulted in people challenging government viewpoints while the Second Great Awakening inspired social reform. The First Great Awakening questioned traditional religious beliefs and created a number of new churches. Preachers like George Whitefield wanted people to form their own religious views. These ideas would later spread to government and ideas of independence in religious thought would encourage citizens to challenge England’s political authority. In contrast, the Second Great Awakening inspired social reform. Religious revivals inspired reformers in many areas like temperance. According to the cartoon by Nathaniel Currier, alcohol was a problem often resulting in death (Doc B). His purpose was to point out the hardships alcohol abuse caused many Americans. Many people like Currier were inspired by religion to fix America’s problems after the Second Great Awakening. Therefore, each Great Awakening resulted in a different outcome, the First Great Awakening changed political views and the Second Great Awakening caused social reform.

Abolitionists American Colonization Society David Walker, The Appeal – violent overthrow William Lloyd Garrison / The Liberator radical to mainstream transition Frederick Douglass

Slave Life physical abuse ill clothed, ill housed, ill fed busy/difficult lives no legal rights not educated mixed African/American culture & religion significance of religion and song somewhat normal family life under circumstances family division

Slave Resistance breaking tools burning buildings running away violence & revolts Nat Turner’s Revolt (1831) (trailer) fear of future rebellions working slow

Defense of Slavery Gag Order (1836-1844) Economics Legal England and North are based on cotton wage slaves v. real slaves slaves as property Legal Liberty (freedom for or freedom from) constitutionally protected? states rights v. federal rights property protections Social /Cultural Racism Religion – slavery in The Bible Cultural – “civilizing the savages”

Practice Question Evaluate the causes (or results) of the abolition movement prior to the Civil War. (Doc C, G)

One major result of the abolition movement in increasing sectional tension between the North and South. Many people from the North became abolitionists. William Lloyd Garrison was an ardent abolitionist and published an abolitionist newspaper. Garrison argued that the North should not compromise and only immediate abolition would be acceptable (Doc C). His audience was southerners who wanted to keep slaves and northerners who were lukewarm about the issue. His views represented a growing number of northerners who wanted to end slavery and he scared the South. George Fitzhugh wrote a defense of slavery and explained that slavery was necessary because he believed African Americans were inferior and unable to care for themselves (Doc G). The historical context of his statement was the growing abolitionist movement in the North led by Garrison potentially threatened the southern way of life. Therefore, one result of the abolition movement was increased sectional conflict between the North and the South.

Women’s Rights Early Republic: Republican Motherhood Cult of Domesticity Social Limitations Economic Limitations Political Limitations Actions: Seneca Falls Convention Declaration of Rights and Sentiments Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton Outcomes

Practice Question Evaluate continuities in the women’s rights movement prior to the Civil War. (Doc D, E, F)

One continuity in the women’s rights movement was that they continued to face discrimination in the era before the Civil War. In 1787, Benjamin Rush argued that women needed to educated only enough to teach their sons about citizenship (Doc D). His purpose was to encourage the idea of Republican Motherhood where women didn’t participate in government, but did instruct their boys on how to be part of government. This type of discrimination persisted in the Antebellum Era. In 1848, Elizabeth Cady Stanton wrote the Declaration of Sentiments listing grievances towards men (Doc F). Her audience was the government and she demanded equal rights for women, however little changed. Finally, Lucy Stone pointed out that women were legally dead once they were married (Doc E). The historical context for her statement was nothing had improved after the Declaration of Sentiments was published at the Seneca Falls Convention. Therefore, women were continually denied rights before the Civil War.

Women’s Rights – CC 16 8:55 to end Abolition – CC 15 8:15 to end Review Women’s Rights – CC 16 8:55 to end Abolition – CC 15 8:15 to end

Cult of Domesticity

Seneca Falls Convention - 1848 Organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton Their purpose was to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of women. They wanted to publicize the second class status of women. Over 300 attended. A series of declarations was passed. The issue of women’s suffrage met serious opposition until Frederick Douglass convinced the delegates to pass a declaration demanding it. The Declaration of Sentiments was based of the Declaration of Independence and was the most famous declaration made at the convention. Only one Convention attendee, 19 year Charlotte Woodward lived to see the 19th Amendment pass in 1920.

Turner’s Rebellion

William Lloyd Garrison

Frederick Douglass

Temperance

Dorothea Dix Tranquility Chair

One Room Schoolhouse

Horace Mann McGuffey Reader

Abolition: Biggest Reform Movement