Ch. 16 Reading Quiz What is the name given to the roaring religious revival that occurred in the U.S. beginning around 1800? What religious sect eventually settled in Salt Lake City, Utah? What was the name of the Yale-educated Connecticut man who published his American dictionary in 1828? What “institutions” did Dorothea Dix reform? Where did the first “Woman’s Rights Convention” take place in 1848?

The Ferment of Reform and Culture Religion, Education, and Women

THE SECOND GREAT AWAKENING What was the First Great Awakening? Revival of deep spiritualism in the 1740’s Belief in being “born again” in God What was the SGA? Refers to a spiritual movement of evangelization Driving force behind new religious and cultural movements Religion in America in early 18th Century 75% of 23 mil Americans attend church Major theological trend – Congregationalism Revivals and public displays of religion

Second Great Awakening Revival Meeting

Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality The Second Great Awakening Religious Revivalism Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality Temperance Education Abolitionism Asylum & Penal Reform Women’s Rights

“The Benevolent Empire”: 1825 - 1846

Liberalism and Religion Tidal wave of spiritualism around 1800 Need to evangelize the savage West Methodists and Baptists “Personal conversion” Catholic rejection of “personal interpretation” German and Irish Immigrants

Development of New Religious Sects Religious Revival Meeting “Burned-Over” District Western NY No “fuel” left to “burn” “Fire and Brim-stone” sermons Shaker Meeting Religious Revival Meeting

The “Burned-Over” District in Upstate New York

Adventists--Millerism Founder: William Miller, Baptist preacher Started in 1833 Believed the world would end on Oct. 22, 1844 “Great Disappointment”

The Mormons (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints) 1823  Golden Tablets 1830  Book of Mormon 1844  Smith murdered in Carthage, IL Joseph Smith (1805-1844)

Violence Against Mormons

The Mormon “Trek”

Utopian Communities

Mother Ann Lee (1736-1784) The Shakers Began in England (1747) Lee brought the sect to America in 1774 Settled in Central and Western NY Beliefs: Sex was the main cause of sin, and must be avoided Christ’s second coming would be in woman form By “shaking” the body is purged of sin Very determined evangelization

Shaker Meeting

Shaker Hymn 'Tis the gift to be simple, 'Tis the gift to be free, 'Tis the gift to come down where you ought to be, And when we find ourselves in the place just right, 'Twill be in the valley of love and delight. When true simplicity is gained To bow and to bend we shan't be ashamed, To turn, turn will be our delight, 'Till by turning, turning we come round right.

John Humphrey Noyes (1811-1886) The Oneida Community (New York, 1848) Millenarianism --> the 2nd coming of Christ had already occurred or will occur soon. - Humans were no longer obliged to follow the moral rules of the past. All residents married to each other. All children raised by community. John Humphrey Noyes (1811-1886)

Brook Farm West Roxbury, MA George Ripley (1802-1880) Brook Farm West Roxbury, MA

“Village of Cooperation” Robert Owen (1771-1858) Utopian Socialist “Village of Cooperation”

Original Plans for New Harmony, IN

Impact of SGA on America Firmly instilled religion into Americans First true “American” religions Social Issues ingrained in religious organizations Poverty, living conditions, education, mental institutions, orphanages, prison reforms, etc.

Public Education Initially supported by wealthy 1825 – 1850: Tax supported public schools Development of Catholic School System Noah Webster Dictionary helps to standardize American – English Higher Education Slow start – Liberal Arts Colleges

Educational Reform - MA  always on the forefront of public educational reform * 1st state to establish tax support for local public schools (1643) - By 1860: every state offered free public education to whites. * US had one of the highest literacy rates. Where do you suppose we rank today in the world for literacy rate??

Horace Mann (1796-1859) - established state teacher- training programs “Father of American Education” - children should be “molded” into a state of perfection - discouraged corporal punishment - established state teacher- training programs

The McGuffey Eclectic Readers - Used religious parables to teach “American values.” - Taught middle class morality and respect for order. - Teach “3 Rs” + “Protestant ethic” (frugality, hard work, sobriety)

Women Educators - Troy, NY Female Seminary - curriculum: math, physics, history, geography. - train female teachers Emma Willard (1787-1870) - 1837  she established Mt. Holyoke [So. Hadley, MA] as the first college for women. Mary Lyons (1797-1849)

Institutional Reforms Prison Reforms: Less capital crimes and harsh punishments Shift from punishment to rehabilitation Eventual abolishment of debtors’ prisons Attempts to keep mentally handicapped out

Asylum Reform Dorothea Dix (1802-1887) Reported on dire state of mental institutions Developed American asylum system

Dorothea Dix Asylum (1849)

1826 - American Temperance Society “Demon Rum” Temperance Movement 1826 - American Temperance Society “Demon Rum” Frances Willard The Beecher Family

Annual Consumption of Alcohol

Early 19c Women Unable to vote. Legal status of a minor. Single  could own her own property. Married  no control over her property or her children. Could not initiate divorce. Could not make wills, sign a contract, or bring suit in court without her husband’s permission.

Women’s Rights Cult of Domesticity –“Republican Motherhood” Mott Stanton Anthony Cult of Domesticity –“Republican Motherhood” Viewed as weaker sex Primarily homemakers Lucretia Mott – Elizabeth Cady Stanton – Susan B. Anthony Organizers of the Seneca Falls Convention 1848 Declaration of Sentiments Resolution demanding full suffrage

Seneca Falls Declaration

What It Would Be Like If Ladies Had Their Own Way!