Communication in Nursing Therapeutic vs. Nontherapeutic
Levels of Communication Intrapersonal Interpersonal Transpersonal Small-Group Public
Basic Elements of Communication Process Referent Sender and Receiver Message Channels Feedback
Forms of Communication Verbal Vocabulary Denotative and Connotative Meaning Pacing Intonation Clarity and Brevity Timing and Relevance
Forms of Communication Nonverbal Personal Appearance Posture & Gait Facial Expressions Eye Contact Gestures Territoriality and Personal Space
Elements of Professional Communication Courtesy Use of Names Privacy and Confidentiality Trustworthiness Autonomy and Responsibility Assertiveness
Therapeutic Communication Techniques Active Listening Sharing Observations Shared Empathy Sharing Hope Sharing Humor Sharing Feelings Use of touch
Therapeutic Communication Techniques Using Silence Asking Relevant Questions Paraphrasing Clarifying Focusing Summarizing Self-Disclosure
Non-Therapeutic Communication Techniques Asking personal questions Giving personal opinions Changing the subject Automatic responses False Assurance Sympathy Asking for Explanations
Non-Therapeutic Communication Techniques Approval or Disapproval Defensive Responses Passive or Aggressive Responses Arguing
Special Needs Communication Clients who cannot speak clearly (Aphasia, Muteness) Clients who are cognitively impaired Clients who are unresponsive Language barriers Hearing Difficulties
Developmental Aspects of Communication Infants Toddlers & preschoolers School age children Adolescents