Announcements Final returned Answer keys posted tonight (take home assignment, practice problems) No 10th period SGI today (BUT yes 10th period tomorrow)

Do Now: Anterograde vs retrograde amnesia Proactive vs retroactive interference

AIM: How can we review language, development, and emotion?

May 6, 2010 AP Psychology Review

Language Language Theories: Language Acquisition Stages Chomsky: Language Acquisition Device Whorf Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis Language Acquisition Stages Babbling One word Two Word Overgeneralization

Availability Heuristic- judging a situation based on examples of similar situations that come to mind initially Example: plane crashes

Representative heuristic: Judging a situation based on how similar the aspects are to prototypes that person holds in his or her mind http://www.thetruckersreport.com/trucker.poems/

Mental set- falling into established thought patterns Belief bias: illogical conclusions to confirm our beliefs Belief perseverance: tendency NOT to change our beliefs (even when presented with contradicting evidence) Confirmation Bias: search for evidence that confirms our beliefs Framing I believe most truck drivers are not interested in poetry, therefore I will conclude even Confirmation bias: tend to ignore evidence that does NOT support our beliefs

Divergent versus Convergent Thinking Divergent= creative, multiple solutions Convergent= problem solving

May 7, 2010 Ms. Simon AP Psychology Review

AIM: How can we review Emotion, Intelligence, and Development, Personality?

Theories of Motivation Drive Reduction Theory Homeostasis Primary and secondary drives Arousal Theory Incentive Theory

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

HUNGER Lateral hypothalamus= stimulates hunger Ventromedial hypothalamus= satiety center Set-point Theory: hypothalamus wants to maintain an optimum body weight

Eating Disorders Bulimia Anorexia Obesity

Sexual Motivation

General Adaptation Syndrome According to Selye, a stress response to any kind of stimulation is similar. The stressed individual goes through three phases. In Hans Selye’s general adaptation syndrome (GAS), the body’s adaptive response to stress is composed of three stages. In Phase 1, we experience an alarm reaction due to the sudden activation of our sympathetic nervous system. Heart rate increases and blood is diverted to the skeletal muscles. With our resources mobilized, we then fight the challenge during Phase 2, resistance. Temperature, blood pressure, and respiration remain high, and there is a sudden outpouring of stress hormones. If the stress is persistent, it may eventually deplete our body’s reserves during Phase 3, exhaustion. With exhaustion, we are more vulnerable to illness or even, in extreme cases, collapse and death. EPA/ Yuri Kochetkov/ Landov

Theories of Emotion James-Lange: Physiological response, then emotion Cannon-Bard: Cognitive awareness and physiological change occur simultaneously thalamus autonomic nervous system  cortex Shacter Two-Factor: physiological response and cognitive label

Piaget’s Stages of Development Sensorimotor: birth to two years explore world through sense object permanence Preoperational: 2-7 years Language ability Egocentric Concrete Operational (8-12 yrs) logic thought concepts of conservation Theory of Mind Formal Operational (12 to adulthood)

Kohlberg’s Moral Development Preconventional Conventional Postconventional

Personality Unique attitudes, behaviors, and emotions that characterize a person Type A vs. Type B

Freud’s Psychosexual Stages Id= pleasure principle Ego= reality principle Superego= Societal ideals

Defense Mechanisms Repression Denial Displacement Projection Reaction Formation Regression Rationalization Sublimation

Trait Theories Eysenck: introverson-extroversion scale Cattell- 16 PF Big Five Extraversion Agreeableness Openness Conscientiousness Neuroticism (versus Emotional Stability)

Intelligence Standardization Reliability Validity