Komponen Dasar Sistem Komputer

Struktur Komputer ?

Structure - Top Level Computer Peripherals Central Main Processing Unit Main Memory Computer Systems Interconnection Input Output Communication lines

Structure - The CPU CPU Arithmetic Computer and Registers Login Unit I/O System Bus CPU Internal CPU Interconnection Memory Control Unit

Structure - The Control Unit CPU Sequencing Logic ALU Control Unit Internal Bus Control Unit Registers and Decoders Registers Control Memory

Structure of von Nuemann machine Arithmetic and Logic Unit Input Output Equipment Main Memory Program Control Unit

von Neumann/Turing Stored Program concept Main memory storing programs and data ALU operating on binary data Control unit interpreting instructions from memory and executing Input and output equipment operated by control unit Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies IAS Completed 1952

Structure of IAS - detail Central Processing Unit Arithmetic and Logic Unit Accumulator MQ Arithmetic & Logic Circuits Input Output Equipment MBR Instructions & Data Main Memory IBR PC MAR IR Control Circuits Address Program Control Unit

IAS - details 1000 x 40 bit words Set of registers (storage in CPU) Binary number 2 x 20 bit instructions Set of registers (storage in CPU) Memory Buffer Register Memory Address Register Instruction Register Instruction Buffer Register Program Counter Accumulator Multiplier Quotient

A Bus is: shared communication link single set of wires used to connect multiple subsystems Control Datapath Memory Processor Input Output

DEC - PDP-8 Bus Structure I/O Module Main Memory I/O Module Console Controller CPU OMNIBUS

DEC PDP-8 1964 First minicomputer (after miniskirt!) Did not need air conditioned room Small enough to sit on a lab bench $16,000 $100k+ for IBM 360 Embedded applications & OEM BUS STRUCTURE

Input/Output: Gerbang Ke Dunia Luar Processor (active) Computer Control (“brain”) Datapath (“brawn”) Memory (passive) (where programs, data live when running) Devices Input Output Keyboard, Mouse Display, Printer Disk (where not running) That is, any computer, no matter how primitive or advance, can be divided into five parts: 1. The input devices bring the data from the outside world into the computer. 2. These data are kept in the computer’s memory until ... 3. The datapath request and process them. 4. The operation of the datapath is controlled by the computer’s controller. All the work done by the computer will NOT do us any good unless we can get the data back to the outside world. 5. Getting the data back to the outside world is the job of the output devices. The most COMMON way to connect these 5 components together is to use a network of busses.

I/O Device Examples and Speed I/O Speed: bytes transferred per second (from mouse to display: million-to-1) Device Behavior Partner Data Rate (Kbytes/sec) Keyboard Input Human 0.01 Mouse Input Human 0.02 Line Printer Output Human 1.00 Floppy disk Storage Machine 50.00 Laser Printer Output Human 100.00 Magnetic Disk Storage Machine 10,000.00 Network-LAN I or O Machine 10,000.00 Graphics Display Output Human 30,000.00 Here are some examples of the various I/O devices you are probably familiar with. Notice that most I/O devices that has human as their partner usually has relatively low peak data rates because human in general are slow relatively to the computer system. The exceptions are the laser printer and the graphic displays. Laser printer requires a high data rate because it takes a lot of bits to describe high resolution image you like to print by the laser writer. The graphic display requires a high data rate because as I will show you later in today’s lecture, all the color objects we see in the real world and taken for granted is very hard to replicate on a graphic display. Let’s take a closer look at one of the most popular storage device, magnetic disks. +2 = 28 min. (Y:08)

What do we need to make I/O work? A way to connect many types of devices to the Proc-Mem A way to control these devices, respond to them, and transfer data A way to present them to user programs so they are useful Operating System Proc Mem PCI Bus SCSI Bus cmd reg. data reg.

Organisasi I/O Prosesor Memori ° ° ° Control Lines Address Lines BUS Data Lines Address Decoder Control Circuits Data & Status Registers I/O Interface Input Device

Growth in CPU Transistor Count

DRAM and Processor Characteristics

Trends in DRAM use