Warm Up Question Prompt: Given the fact that WWI and WWII can be classified as “hot” wars, how should we define this period known as the Cold War? Please write the prompt & respond in complete sentences!

Warm Up Question Describe the picture. Who is “responsible” for the creation of the Iron Curtain? Which superpower’s perspective is this cartoon from?

Cold War

Allies Become Enemies During WWII the US and USSR were allies American Goals Soviet Goals Minimal loss of life, cities intact Wanted to avoid future conflict by forming an int’l body to settle disputes Recall: what was that 1st int’l body? 3 foreign policy goals: free trade, open access to the seas, and self- gov’t 1 in 4 Soviets wounded or killed in WWII Cities demolished Lenin’s Bolshevik ideals still important Proletarian internationalism – supporting class struggles around the world Peaceful co-existence with capitalist countries During WWII the US and USSR were allies But not very friendly allies Even by the end of WWII, the friendship started to crumble US leader: FDR then Harry Truman USSR leader: Josef Stalin (still) US did not like that Stalin has a previous alliance with Germ. USSR did not like that other Allies (US, etc) did not invade Europe until 1944 Very different goals

Yalta Conference: A Postwar Plan Feb. 1945 – the war isn’t over, but the leaders of USSR, US, and GB met in Yalta – the Soviet Black Sea resort Agreed to divide Germ. into zones of occupation controlled by Allied mil. Forces Germ. would pay Soviets to compensate for loss of life and property Soviets joined war against Jp. and promised to allow E. Euro. to have free elections

Creation of the United Nations TPS: What made this time a good time to found the UN? June 1945 – US, USSR, and 48 other countries formed the United Nations (UN) Int’l organization intended to protect the members against aggression General Assembly – each UN nation could cast a vote on issues presented Security Council – power to investigate and settle disputes 5 permanent members: US, USSR, GB, Ch., & Fr. Can veto S.C. actions

Cold War Europe

Containment Potsdam Conference July 1945 – Truman (new Prez.), Churchill, and Stalin meet to discuss post-war decisions made @ the Yalta Conf. Truman pushed Stalin to permit free elections in East Euro. Stalin refused Early 1946 – Stalin declared that communism and capitalism could not exist in the same world To offset the growing Soviet threat to East Euro.  Truman adopted foreign policy of containment Directed at blocking Soviet influence & stopping the expansion of communism Included forming alliance and helping weak countries resist Soviet advances

Truman Doctrine “One way of life is based upon the wall of the majority, and is distinguished by free institutions . . . The second way of life is based upon the will of a minority forcibly imposed upon the majority.” - Truman in speech to Congress, 1947 Truman Doctrine – support countries that rejected communism

Marshall Plan Provided food, machinery, and other materials to rebuild West Euro. Many West Euro. countries received aid, including Comm. Yugoslavia once it broke away from Soviet control

Germany Divided TPS: Why didn’t the Soviets want the occupied zones of Germ. to be reunited? After WWII, Germany was divided into 4 zones of occupation – US, UK, France, & USSR Germany’s capital, Berlin, was also divided into 4 zones In 1948 – the US, France, and UK decided to remove troops & allow their occupation zones to form one nation

Berlin Blockade TPS: Why did the Allies not just give up Berlin? In response to the unification of West Germ., the USSR held West Berlin hostage Soviets cut off highway, water, and rail traffic into Berlin’s western zones Stalin hoped that Allies would surrender West Berlin or give up the reunification idea

Berlin Airlift Am. and Brit. officials instead flew cargo planes filled with food and supplies into West Berlin for nearly a year In May of 1949, the USSR admitted defeat and lifted the blockade Blockade heightened West Euro. fears of Soviet aggression

Alliances Divide the World NATO Warsaw Pact North Atlantic Treaty Organization – alliance btwn US, Canada, and 10 West Euro. nations Stated that an attack on any NATO member would be met with armed force by all member nations Soviets saw NATO as a threat so created its own alliance – the Warsaw Pact In 1961 – East Germ. built a wall to separate East and West Berlin Berlin Wall symbolized the division of the world into two camps – the Iron Curtain was real in Berlin!!

Threat of Nuclear War TPS: How did the arms race help prevent war btwn the superpowers? US had atomic bombs – as seen at end of WWII 1949 – the Soviets successfully explode its own atomic bomb Pres. Truman was determined to develop a more deadly weapon b4 the Soviets do Hydrogen bomb (H-bomb) developed in 1952 in US; the Soviets explode their own in 1953 Thousands of times more deadly than A-bomb When Eisenhower became pres. in 1953, he est. a foreign policy of brinkmanship Willingness to go to the brink of war Required a reliable source of nuclear weapons as protection Soviets responded with their own mil. buildup

Space Race Aug. 1957 – the Soviets announced the development of an ICBM (intercontinental ballistic missile) – sent Sputnik into Earth’s atmosphere Am. poured $$ into science & tech. education to catch up 1960 – U-2 was shot down in USSR A secret high-altitude spy plane from CIA flying over USSR These tech. advances con’t to heighten Cold War tensions

Summary Question Why was Berlin a likely location for trouble to develop during the Cold War?