Experiencing The Lifespan JANET BELSKY Experiencing The Lifespan 3rd edition Chapter 4: Infancy: Socioemotional Development Copyright © 2013, 2011 by Worth Publishers

Figure 4.1 The Strange Situation: These scenes are from the original Strange Situation study. At left, the baby cries frantically after the mother and the stranger have left the room. At right, the baby is reunited with the mother as the stranger looks on. JANET BELSKY Copyright © 2013, 2011 by Worth Publishers

Figure 4.2 Secure and insecure attachments: A summary photo series JANET BELSKY Copyright © 2013, 2011 by Worth Publishers

Figure 4.4 Snapshots of attachment security (and insecurity) around the world: Around the world, roughly 60 to 70 percent of 1-year-olds are classified as securely attached— although there are interesting differences in the percentages of babies falling into the different insecure categories. JANET BELSKY Copyright © 2013, 2011 by Worth Publishers

Figure 4.5 Shapshots of security for orphanage babies after a year in foster care: After a year in foster care, roughly half of the orphanage infants developed a secure attachment (see chart A)—but also notice that developing this connection was far less likely if a child was adopted at or after age 2 (see chart B). JANET BELSKY Copyright © 2013, 2011 by Worth Publishers

Figure 4.6 Poverty rates by age, 1959–2010: Notice that since the 1970s, children under 6 years of age have been more likely to live under the poverty line than other age groups in the United States. (FYI— Although the “poverty line” designation theoretically describes the minimum income needed to survive, experts feel that families really need twice that amount of money to really make ends meet.) Source: State of Working America: Poor children, Economic Policy Institute, 2012. JANET BELSKY Copyright © 2013, 2011 by Worth Publishers

Figure 4.7 Day care arrangements for infants and toddlers with employed mothers, late 1990s: Notice that, while most infants and toddlers with working mothers are cared for by other family members, 1 in 5 attend licensed day-care centers. JANET BELSKY Copyright © 2013, 2011 by Worth Publishers

Table 4.1 Choosing a Day-Care Center: A Checklist JANET BELSKY Copyright © 2013, 2011 by Worth Publishers

Figure 4.8 Typical and unusual difficult toddler behaviors, based on a survey of Dutch parents of 6,491 infants aged 14 to 19 months: Notice that it’s normal for toddlers not to listen, have temper tantrums, and refuse to sit still or share—but the other difficult behaviors in red should be warning signs of a real problem. JANET BELSKY Copyright © 2013, 2011 by Worth Publishers

Table 4.2 Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages JANET BELSKY Copyright © 2013, 2011 by Worth Publishers

Table 4.3 Exuberant and Inhibited Toddler Temperaments: A Summary JANET BELSKY Copyright © 2013, 2011 by Worth Publishers