11.8 – NOTES Altering Fuels.

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Presentation transcript:

11.8 – NOTES Altering Fuels

B.9 Altering Fuels The gasoline fraction only represents 18% of the total crude oil (5-12 carbons in a chain) Using certain techniques can get up to 47% of crude oil

Cracking Taking large chain hydrocarbons and breaking them into smaller chains, using catalysts and heat

Catalyst Something that increases the speed of a reaction and lowers the temperature needed to start the reaction They are not used in the reactions – they are not part of the product Allows the burning of fuel to be cracked more efficiently because it takes place at a lower temperature (500 C rather than 700C), which needs less energy

A 16 carbon chain could be made into two 8 carbon chains Can produce molecules of up to 14 carbons through cracking C5-C12 are used in gasoline

Octane rating Gas is made of mostly straight chain alkanes Premature burning results in pinging/knocking Branched chains don’t knock as much Octane rating tests efficiency Free running and under a load and then the average is taken Higher octane numbers result in better anti-knock characteristics Prior to the 70s, lead was added to increase octane rating Tetraethyl lead ((C2H4)4Pb) Why was lead banned from fuels? Bad for the environment, can cause many health problems

Oxygenated fuels Fuels that have extra C, H and O to enhance octane Less energy is delivered, but the octane increases and reduces pollutants

Types of addititives to make oxygenated fuels Methanol Formula: CH3OH Made from: natural gas, coal, corn, wood Structure:

Ethanol Formula:C2H5OH Gasohol - 10% ethanol, 90% gasoline Can usually run in cars without modifications Structure:

MTBE- methyl tertiary-butyl ether Has an octane rating of 116 Most common additive in the 1990s Contaminates groundwater/drinking supplies Results in unpleasant taste or odor in drinking water Under consideration to reduce/ban

Other ways to boost octane rating Alter the structure by turning straight chains to branched chains Isomerization Conversion of straight chain hydrocarbons into branched chains Newly made branched chains are mixed with cracked hydrocarbons to produce high quality fuel One of the largest problems with isomerization is the high cost Isomerization Graphic: