Why did Civil War break out and how did it develop? Lesson outcomes: To identify why Civil War occurred in Russia and who fought who To assess how the Civil War developed To evaluate how the Civil War affected the Bolsheviks Starter: What is a ‘Civil War?’ Why might a Civil War happen? What examples of Civil Wars do you know from History?

The Civil War – The Sides The ‘REDS’ – defenders of Lenin and the Revolution: Kronstadt sailors Red Guards Workers & volunteers Soldiers from Russian army Opponents of the Communists Whites Greens Nationalist Movements Allied Forces

Read Murphy p78-9 and complete the opponents of the Communists worksheet. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ESnj17NwJTU&safe=active 2mins

Reds – defenders of Lenin and the Revolution Kronstadt sailors Red Guards Workers & volunteers Soldiers from Russian army Pro-Revolution

Whites Liberals Tsarists or supporters of military dictatorship Nationalists Separatists Socialist Revolutionaries Moderate socialists Yudenich (NW), Omsk govt. led by Kolchak including pro-monarchists (Siberia), Southern Volunteer Army (S) including Liberals & army officers; Komuch (former Const. Assemb.) including Soc. Revs. (Samara, E.) Anti-Bolshevik

Greens Peasants Deserters Interested in protecting own land or bandits Nestor Makhno, anarchist, Ukraine Supported Reds, Whites or exploited chaos to loot property

Where were the Red and White armies?                                                                                                                           Where were the Red and White armies? British and American troops Kolchak Petrograd Moscow Yudenich Denikin French and British troops

1919 – Turning points Red vs Whites (November 1918 to Autumn 1920) Kolchak led the Tsarist army from the East. He set up a new government in Omsk. Eventually he was defeated and shot in 1920 General Yudenich advanced from the East. He reached the outskirts of Petrograd in 1919 but was forced back The newly independent Poland tries to invade. Successful at first, the army was driven back. The Re d army made peace with them and gave them land in Ukraine and Belarus Foreign armies: Britain, France, Japan and the USA were all involved. Denikin set up an army in the South. He marched north and almost succeeded in meeting up with Kolchak. The Red Army managed to hold them back at Tsaritsyn. He was also force to retreat having got within 200 miles of Moscow

Why did the Communists win the Civil War?

Why do countries win wars? Brainstorm your ideas with your partner

Colour in the stars to show their strength Use the information sheets to fill in the top trumps cards for the two sides. SHP p132 Colour in the stars to show their strength

The Reds: The Whites: Miilitary Strength Military strength Leadership / Organisation Support: Geography (could count as strength but also depended on luck/chance) Miilitary Strength Leadership / Organisation Support: Geography: could count as weakness but also depended on luck/chance)

The Reds: 1919: 1.5 million 1920: 3.5million The Whites Yudenich: 14,000 Denikin: 100,000 Military strength Leadership / Organisation Support: Geography (could count as strength but also depended on luck/chance) Miilitary Strength Leadership / Organisation Support: Geography:could count as weakness but also depended on luck/chance)

Russian Civil War Top Trumps. Play the game. Rules: The Object of the game is to reduce your opponents cards to zero! Pick a category that you think might compare favourably and if you have a higher value, you win the opponents card. Values are from 0 (weakest) to 10 (strongest). If you lose, you lose the card and your opponent gets to choose the next category. Won cards are placed at the bottom of your deck. A draw results in the drawn cards being placed in a stack to be won on the next card. The winner of the next comparison gets to choose. Following slides are cards…

REDS GENERAL KOLCHAK LENIN WHITES REDS GENERAL KOLCHAK LENIN Aims: 5 Restore the Royal family to position as Monarch of Russia, throw out the Bolsheviks. Leadership: 4 It was difficult to communicate with other White Generals leading other armies, because Whites were so spread out. Geographical position: marched on Moscow from the South. Captured a place called Ufa. Peasant support Peasants thought the Whites would make them give up their land and allow the landlords to return Unity 3 There was lots of squabbling between Tsarists and Socialist Revolutionaries who wanted different things. They didn’t want the Tsar back, just a change of government. Foreign support: 7 Troops sent from Britain, France and America to help the Whites defeat the Reds. Aims 10 Total Bolshevik control of all Russian territory Leadership Confident and disciplined. With Trotsky they devised a plan to pick off the White Armies one by one. Geographical position 5 Took over factories of Moscow and Petrograd, controlled the two key cities. Controlled communication and transport lines and troops could move quickly by rail. Peasant support 3 Forced peasants to hand over grain and other food to feed Red troops and people in the cities. Known as War Communism. Unity 9 Lenin kept population under control through making lots of arrests and executions. Known as the Red Terror. Foreign support The Allies hated the Bolsheviks for taking Russia out of the war and signing a separate peace treaty with Germany.

Thousands of loyal ex-Tsarist officers REDS WHITES Thousands of loyal ex-Tsarist officers GENERAL YUDENICH Aims: 5 restore the Royal family to position as Monarch of Russia, throw out the Bolsheviks. Leadership: 4 It was difficult to communicate with other White Generals leading other armies, because Whites were so spread out. Geographical position: 6 In western Russia. surrounded Petrograd in 1919, but did not succeed in invading. The Reds pushed Yudenich back Peasant support Peasants thought the Whites would make them give up their land and allow the landlords to return Unity 3 His commanders were cruel and set a bad example, drinking, fighting and taking drugs. Foreign support: 8 Allied troops and equipment was sent to help is army. Aims: 10 To make sure the Bolsheviks stay in power, get rid of any opposition. Leadership: Trotsky ruled over his officers with an iron fist, he would shoot those who dared to question him. Geographical position: 5 In central western Russia they could move quickly to attack, using the railways Peasant support 3 The Reds seized grain form peasants to feed themselves. ‘War Communism’. Unity 9 Trotsky wanted to use these officers to lead the Red Army. He would often kidnap their families to make sure they did a good job. Foreign support: No support. The Allies wanted to overthrow the Bolsheviks.

COMMISSAR FOR WAR TROTSKY WHITES REDS GENERAL DENIKIN COMMISSAR FOR WAR TROTSKY Aims: 10 Total Bolshevik control of all of Russia. Leadership: Trotsky was an outstanding commander! Trotsky recruited nearly 5 million former Tsarist officers, workers, sailors and soldiers into the Red Army Geographical position: 5 Occupied central Russia and controlled key cities, but were quickly surrounded by hostile White forces. Peasant support 3 Peasants had been given land by the Bolsheviks, but now they were seizing grain. Unity Trotsky used his special train to quickly communicate with the Red Army and deliver orders. Foreign support: The Allies wanted to stop Bolshevism from controlling Russia and spreading to other countries. Aims: 5 restore the Royal family to position as Monarch of Russia, throw out the Bolsheviks. Leadership: Denikin was an excellent speaker, but treated his men with disrespect. Geographical position: 6 In southern Russia. Got within 250 miles of Moscow, but did not succeed in taking control. Peasant support Raided lots of villages and committed POGROMS (killing Jews) Unity 3 The Whites did not trust each other and would not co-ordinate their attacks, so the Reds could pick off the white armies one by one. Foreign support: 7 Troops sent from Britain, France and America to help the Whites defeat the Reds.They sent him weapons and equipment worth £100 million.

The Allies (America, Britain, France) WHITES REDS Alexandra Kollontai The Allies (America, Britain, France) Aims: 10 Total Bolshevik control of all of Russia. Leadership: Lenin and Trotsky employed leaders that were fanatical and loyal, including 74, 000 women Geographical position: 5 Central western Russia, in the industrial centres Peasant support 3 The Bolsheviks had given peasants their own land, but were now seizing the grain they grew by force, to feed the Red Army Unity Every leader was loyal and they all shared one aim. There were even some female machine gunners Foreign support: The Allies wanted to throw out Bolshevism in case it spread to the rest of Europe. Aims: 8 Stop Bolshevism spreading to Europe. Japan had its own idea to seize territory for itself. Leadership: 5 Had to work with the White Generals and tried to control the decisions they made. Geographical position: 4 Allied troops scattered all over Russia. Peasant support Peasants hated the Allies as much as the Whites because they were supported by the landowners Unity 3 Allied troops were sick of fighting and many mutinied. Foreign support: 6 sent only 250,000 troops, mostly gave weapons and equipment worth £100 million.

Why did the Communists* win the Civil War? *Note: Bolsheviks were renamed ‘Communists’ in early 1918. Read Murphy 81 -3 and make notes under the following headings: Disunity of the opposition Geographical factors Organisational factors Use of Terror Trotsky and the Red Army Other factors Then complete your pie chart worksheet http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OzKuwxMPbdk 5 mins

 Your task What do you think were the most important reasons why the Red Army eventually won the Civil War? Discuss them with your partner and write down your choice. Be prepared to justify your reasons. Write a judgement paragraph explaining your decision.

Homework - ‘The Communists won the Civil War mainly because of the weaknesses of their opponents.’ How far do you agree with this statement? (30 marks)

Strengths of Reds Ideological commitment – proletariat didn’t want restoration of Tsarism; Communist propaganda v. effective Red Terror – Cheka; 50,000 executions in 1918; execution of Tsar Control of railways – Reds controlled railway hubs; same units fought against Kolchak, Denikin & Yudenich

Weaknesses of Whites Reliant on foreign assistance – foreign forces rarely involved in fighting; Whites portrayed as invading army Divisions – some wanted return to Tsarism, others military dictatorship, others Constituent Assembly Lack of planning – problems with communications; geographical distances; rivalry between leaders Desertions – peasants worried about land issues

Foreign interventions Foreign states interested in military consequences of Revolution (Russia’s commitment to WWI) Germany sponsored Bolshevism No single aim – trade protectionism (e.g. Japan & USA), territorial independence (e.g. Poland) Interventionists portrayed by Bolsheviks as imperialist aggressors Many countries were war-weary Sympathy with Bolsheviks, e.g. among TUs in UK

Factors favouring Reds Support from abroad, e.g. Germany some cities set up Communist govt. e.g. Munich Russo-Polish War (1919-21) enabled Bolsheviks to portray themselves as defenders of nation Personality of Trotsky – reorganised the Red Army along hierarchical lines, brought back Tsarist officers; political commissars attached to each unit; labour battalions of ‘former people’ formed; inspirational figure; use of technology – e.g. war train Red Army – drew on workers & peasant conscripts; 5 million troops by 1921; strict discipline, e.g. death penalty for deserting Geography – Reds controlled key cities, & moved capital to Moscow at centre of railway network; centre of industrial production; heavily populated Propaganda – Reds won propaganda war as defenders of Russian territory, defenders of peasant land, prospect of new society War Communism – provided food supplies

Factors against the Reds Terms of the Treaty of Riga very harsh – surrendered large areas of White Russia & Ukraine to Poles Personality of Trotsky – imprisoned families of White officers to ensure their loyalty; betrayal of Bolshevik ideals – return of hierarchy, use of Tsarist officers, ending of soldiers committees Red Army – peasant conscripts were uncommitted, regular uprisings or joined Greens; 1 million desert in 1918, 4 million deserted by 1921; resentment of burzhui officers and anti-Semitism; strict discipline led to poor morale War Communism – favoured army, peasants resented requisitioning

Factors favouring Whites Allied troops based in Russia in theory to reopen E front against Germany Churchill sent £100 supplies to help Whites Expertise of military generals, e.g. Deniken & Yudenich & Admiral Kolchak

Factors going against them Opposition abroad, e.g. Lloyd-George PM & British Labour Party French were anti-Bolshevik, but troops lacked commitment & French fleet mutinied on Black Sea Japanese interested in gaining territory on Pacific coastline US troops preoccupied with stopping Japan annexing territories Divisions – Soc Revs who set up Komuch (Comm. Of Membs. Of Const. assemb.) formed an unhappy alliance with Omsk govt. of conservatives & appointed Kolchak as C-in-C, who then executed leading Soc Revs.; Souther Volunteer Army fought with Cossacks, but in separate units and Cossacks unwilling to fight outside their territory Brutality – ethnic cleansing, esp. by Cossacks & pogroms against Jews White Army – peasant conscripts uncommitted since Whites wished to restore land to landowners; poor disciple, e.g. uniforms & equipment sold on black market, alcoholism rife amongst officers Geography – large distances between armies; v. poor communications

 Your task You each have 100 roubles. Read the statements on the Russian Civil War. If you think they are accurate and think they are worth keeping, you may decide to bid for them. If you bid successfully and the statement is correct you keep the sentence but of course you will have spend some of your money. If the sentence is incorrect you don’t get the sentence and you still lose your money. The winning team is the one with the most correct statements and the most money left in the bank. See worksheet

Plenary Sum up the reasons for the success of the Reds in the Russian Civil War (1918-21) What was the biggest factor contributing to their success?

Other important factors: Trotsky Read and highlight the information on Trotsky on page 131-132 of the orange book (photocopied Explain how this would help the reds to win. War Communism 1. Use pages 128-129 to make 3 bullet points on: Industry Peasants 2. How did this help the Bolsheviks to win? Also Paper article on Trotsky in file

Why did the Reds win the Russian Civil War? Each group will take one of the major factors that led to a Red Victory in the Civil War Red Strengths (Pages 27-29) Role of Trotsky (Pages 24-25) White Weaknesses (Page 30) Old Shp book?

To what extent were the strengths of the Bolsheviks responsible for their victory in the Civil War? (30 marks)

How did different groups/individuals affect Russia between 1918-1921? Lesson outcomes: To consider how the Civil War affected the nature of Bolshevism To assess how individuals/groups affected Russia To evaluate the most significant actions in the period 1918-1921 Starter: How do you think the Civil War will have affected Russia?

 Your task Read p.94-99 and note down the impact of Civil War & War Communism on the following groups: Minority groups Factory workers Farmers & peasants Political opposition groups Tsar & his family Middle-classes Which group suffered the most? Find out which book?

Minority groups Cossacks raped & murdered Jewish villages; 115,000 died in Ukraine alone Whites challenged right of national & ethnic minorities to independence Anti-Jewish propaganda poster produced by Whites

Factory workers Worker’s committees incapable of running factories – often voted themselves pay rises & stole goods Industrial output shrank, esp. consumer goods leading to price inflation Food prices increased, bread shortages – Feb 1918 bread ration in Petrograd reached 50 grams per person per day Food riots Workers fled from cities increasing problems with manufacturing & industrial output – Petrograd lost 60% of workforce by April 1918 All industry nationalised and managed by Vesenkha (Supreme Council of National Economy) New laws on labour discipline, e.g. fines for lateness & absenteeism, internal passports, piece-work rates reintroduced, bonuses & workbooks for rations Working class & army members given priority over rations

Farmers & peasants May 1918, Food Supplies Dictatorship estd. to forcibly requisition grain Cheka helped enforce grain requisitioning Resistance to requisition – brutal attacks on Cheka & grain collectors Class warfare – Lenin encouraged Cheka to conduct public hangings of kulaks Many peasants stop planting seed in protest, agricultural production fell back

Political opposition groups Socialist Revolutionaries responsible for assassination attempt on Lenin & kidnapping of Dzerzhinsky Summer 1918, Red Terror – SRs arrested, Mensheviks & SRs excluded from soviets, Kadets imprisoned or went into exile 1918-20 13,000 prisoners executed (official records) – unofficial records 300,000 Concentration & labour camps established

Tsar & his family 17 July 1918 Tsar & family shot despite fears of antagonising Germany (Tsar cousin of Kaiser, Tsarina was German) Anastasia Why do you think each side deliberately fostered the myth that some of the Tsar’s children survived? Room in which the family were killed

Middle classes All private trade & manufacture banned Black market developed to meet demand Former factory managers were put in charge of state-run factories instead of workers’ committees Middle-class professionals below lower class workers in terms of rationing priorities Burzhui referred to as ‘former people’ Red Terror deliberately provoked class warfare, e.g. - some arrested for being near scenes of ‘bourgeois provocation) Victims of personal vendettas

 Discussion Hold a mini debate on the issue of which group suffered the most? Explain your opinions with detailed factual evidence.

Historian – Miss Margetts Thoughts please…. ‘Terror was an essential way that Lenin ensured he further consolidated his power over Russia in the years 1918-1921. Without terror, the Bolsheviks would not have succeeded’ Historian – Miss Margetts