C.6 Coastal & Marine phytoplankton: diversity and biology C.6 Coastal & Marine Phytoplanktn

C.6 Coastal & Marine Phytoplanktn 6.1 Identifying marine phytoplankton phyto =plant; planktos =made to wander 10,000~ spp. @coastal and oceanic waters varied group, ~13 divisions; 0.2 - 200 ㎛(~4 mm) ~ half of O2 by phytoplankton autotroph vs. heterotroph kinds of pigments ~ broader range of wavelengths [Tab 6.1]   Bacillariophyceae (diatoms) Dinophyceae (dinoflagellates) Cyanophyceae (blue-green algae) Chrysophyceae class Raphidophyceae (chloromonads) class Dictyochophyceae (silicoflagellates) Prymnesiophyta=Haptophyta (coccolithophorids, prymnesiophytes, golden brown flagellates) Chryptophyceae (chryptomonads) Euglenophyceae (green flagellates) Chlorophyceae (prasinophytes, chlorophytes) C.6 Coastal & Marine Phytoplanktn

C.6 Coastal & Marine Phytoplanktn P/A of flagella structure of flagella app. pattern & course @mitosis+cytokinesis other morphology as symmetry & size microplankton, ~nano ~pico cf. @temperate coastal, nanoplankton 80% of totals @tropical, picoplankton 80% of totals C.6 Coastal & Marine Phytoplanktn

C.6 Coastal & Marine Phytoplanktn 6.2 Diatoms (div. Bacillariophyceae) unicellular, often colony & chains Si cell wall, frustule with two valves (hypo- epi-) pennate (~800 marines) vs. centric (~1,000 marines) no flagella, non-motile cf. benthic forms limiting factors: Si, water stability, light, parasitism, grazing blooms along coastal waters, nutrient-rich, better light access - Thalassiosira spp. Chaetoceros spp. http://www.awi.de/fileadmin/user_upload/News/Press_Releases/2004/1._Quarter/Thalassiosira_w.jpg - Psedo-nitzschia @ASP http://www.sccoos.org/data/habs/species.php?specie=Pseudo-nitzschia%20spp. diatomaceous earth @frustules C.6 Coastal & Marine Phytoplanktn

C.6 Coastal & Marine Phytoplanktn

C.6 Coastal & Marine Phytoplanktn 6.3 Dinophyceae (dinoflagellates) unicellular, ~2,000 spp. (130 gen.) heterotroph vs. autotroph (partly) mortile @stage of life-cycle w/ 2 different flagella - girdle groove / sulcus groove armoured (thecate, cellulose cell wall) vs. unarmoured 80~ spp. marine dinos produce cysts (16~ red tides; 7 toxic) - temporary cysts / resting cysts (sink to sediments ~ months) - survival strategy: protection, refuge, alternation (plankton-benthic), reproduction daily diurnal migrations (up for light, down for nutrients) red-tide @south-east Aust. from Noctiluca scintillans (heterotrophic) - red slicks ~ ammonia release - bioluminescent http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/art98/nocti.html HABs (~40 spp.) @filter-feeding bivalves, crustaceans, finfish - PSP, DSP, NSP, ciguatera poisoning [BOX 6.4] - 2,000~ cases human-poisoning for year C.6 Coastal & Marine Phytoplanktn

C.6 Coastal & Marine Phytoplanktn

C.6 Coastal & Marine Phytoplanktn

C.6 Coastal & Marine Phytoplanktn

C.6 Coastal & Marine Phytoplanktn 6.4 Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) primitive, prokaryotes, blue-green unicellular, colony, filamentous, w/o flagella benthic vs. planktonic gas vacuoles / akinetes (resting) / heterocysts (N2 fix) toxins, neuromuscular & contact irritation 6 gen. @Aust.: Anabaena, Microcystis, Aphanizomenon http://www.io-warnemuende.de/algal-blooms-at-heiligendamm-2011.html, Nudularia, Trichodesmium, Lynbya - Trichodesmium erythraeum @temperate NSW [BOX 6.5]: red tide, sea sawdust - yellow-grey > reddish-brown C.6 Coastal & Marine Phytoplanktn

C.6 Coastal & Marine Phytoplanktn

C.6 Coastal & Marine Phytoplanktn 6.5 Other marine phytoplankton 6.5.1 Chrysophyceae class Raphidophyceae (Chloromonads) unicellular, 2 unequal flagella one w/ hairs, the other smooth ejectosomes, trichocysts, mucocysts toxic to fish [BOX 6.6] Heterosigma, Chatonella, http://raphidophyte.lifedesks.org/node/1 Fibrocapsa @summer blooms   class Dictyochophyceae (Silicoflagellates) unicellular, single flagellum, Si skeleton Dictyocha, perhaps toxic to fish [BOX 6.7] http://www.io-warnemuende.de/algal-blooms-at-heiligendamm-2011.html C.6 Coastal & Marine Phytoplanktn

C.6 Coastal & Marine Phytoplanktn 6.5.2 Prymnesiophyta=Haptophyta (Coccolithophorids, Prymnesiophytes) unicellular, colony; nanoplankton 'third flagellum' - haptonema : anchoring & food uptake tiny scales/granules (cellulose) coccolith: calcified scales [BOX 6.8]   6.5.3 Chryptophyta(Chryptomonads) very small, ovoid, 6-20 ㎛ protein coat, 'gullet’ C.6 Coastal & Marine Phytoplanktn

C.6 Coastal & Marine Phytoplanktn 6.5.4 Euglenophyceae single-celled, large (15-500 ㎛), green, eyespot pellicle: proteinaceous interlocking strips mostly freshwater spp., a few marine spp. @Eutreptiella http://www.io-warnemuende.de/algal-blooms-at-heiligendamm-2011.html   6.5.5 Chlorophyceae (Prasinophytes, Chlorophytes) chlorophytes, green flagellate algae ~macroalgae (Ulva, Enteromorpha, Cladophora, Caulerpa) - Dunaliella http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/image/0019/47503/Dunaliella.gif, Chlamydomonas prisinophytes, scaly green flagellate algae - small, w/ organic scales, ~16 flagella Micromonas, w/o scales http://www.osel.cz/index.php?clanek=4354 Mantoniella, 1 layer scales http://planktonnet.awi.de/index.php?contenttype=image_details&itemid=56243#content Pyramimonas, 2-3 layer scales http://www.smhi.se/oceanografi/oce_info_data/plankton_checklist/others/pyramimonas_disomata.htm Tetraselmis, fused scales http://planktonnet.awi.de/sci_images_detail.php?itemid=57985 C.6 Coastal & Marine Phytoplanktn