THE CRUSADES Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont of 1095, given a late Gothic setting in this illumination from the Livre des Passages d'Outre-mer, of c 1490 (Bibliothèque nationale de Fr

REASONS FOR THE CRUSADES Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont of 1095 ordered the Christians to liberate the Holy Lands The Muslims tried to convert Christians and Jews to Islam. Those people who refused to become Muslim had to pay a tax called « jizya ». The Muslims allowed Christian pilgrims to visit the Holy Lands, N.B. Jerusalem was the most holy city for the Christians. However, in 1076 the Turks (also Muslims) captured Jerusalem, they were much fiercer than the Arab Muslims and they refused passage to the Christian pilgrims.

FEAR OF THE TURKS 1076 The Turks capture Jerusalem and close their lands to Christian pilgrims The Roman emperor in Constantinople was worried that the Turks would invade his land He asks for help from the Pope in Rome The Pope launches his message to all Christians

Vocabulary page 86 and p44 in new book To mistreat =to treat badly Tolerant (adj) = to accept people's differences To allow = to authorize or give permission To interfere = to block or to trouble To worship = to venerate a God The Holy Lands : the places in the Middle East that are important to : Christians, Muslims and Jews The crusaders were « no match » for the saracens i.e. They had no chance of winning To jump at the chance= to be very enthusiastic about an opportunity= to take an opportunity

LIVING IN THE EAST Life in the East was very different to life in Europe : the climate was very hot and dry and the food was scarce (rare) and often spicy whereas the food in Europe was often rather tasteless and bland. « to get rid of » = to make them leave i.e. To do anything they could to destroy them « within easy reach » = not far away, easy to get « in spite of »= despite the fact= even though or even with People who live in glass houses should not throw stones ; a proverb meaning that do not do to others what you would not like in return

AFTER AD 750 ABBASIDS RULED THE MUSLIM WORLD They lose control of their empire Turks from central Asia come with large armies They take over Egypt, Syria and Persia. These Turks were also Muslims.

SHORT TEST 1 . What were the reasons for the crusades ? 2. Who started the crusades ? 3. How did the saracens treat Christians in the Holy Lands ? 4. What was the name of the special tax Christians had to pay ? 5. What was it like to live in the East ? 6. What happened after 750 ? 7. Describe two different routes to travel from Europe to the Holy Lands. 8.Give information about at least two crusades. 9. Give a list of new things that greatly interested the crusaders. 10. Explain the following vocabulary :To mistreat = Tolerant (adj) = To allow = To interfere = To worship = The crusaders were « no match » for the saracens To jump at the chance=

Map of the Crusades

Well-armed crusaders

Saladin and Guy de Lusignan after Battle of Hattin in 1187

The Crusader movement “stretched” over 200 years. The First Crusade was called in 1095 by Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont, to redirect the energies of warring barons from warring against each other to reclaiming the Holy Land (the Peace of God movement and Deus le volt! – God wills it!). The First Crusade captured Jerusalem in July 1099 and established the Crusader states. The Second Crusade ended in disaster and was crushed outside the walls of Damascus. (this crusade was initiated by a Cistercian monk, Bernard of Clairvaux) The Third Crusade fought against an Arab empire led by Saladin (who had recaptured Jerusalem in 1187). Although the largest military endeavor of the Middle Ages, the Third Crusade failed to recapture Jerusalem. The Fourth Crusade captured and sacked Constantinople in 1204, and the Fifth Crusade resulted in Frederick negotiating for temporary occupation of Jerusalem. All others failed as well. The Mamluk capture of Acre in 1291 brought the end of Outremer (lands “across the sea”).

NEW IDEAS FROM THE EAST On pages 46 and 47 and from other sources make a list of all those things you think might have interested the crusaders Forks, clothes, velvet, dyes, carpets, spices, pepper, green figs, raisins, dates, ginger, jewellery, ivory, porcelain, wall hangings, astrolabs, enamel, algebra, mathematics, astrology, medecine, surgery, architecture, chemistry and of course reading reading and reading.