Chapter 9 Carbon Chemistry Intro to Chemistry B Chapter 9 Carbon Chemistry
9.1 Carbon Compounds Organic compounds=> Composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms that often times have other atoms attached like oxygen and nitrogen. 3,000,000 to 4,000,000 varieties. 90% of all compounds known are organic. Most are man-made or ‘synthetic’.
Examples of organic compounds Foodstuffs, proteins, carbohydrates Fuels -some explosives Greases & oils -fertilizers Antibiotics & vitamins -insecticides Perfumes & flavors -pesticides Fabrics -Cosmetics Paints & varnishes Soaps and Plastics detergents Dyes & pigments
Forms of Carbon Diamond Graphite Fullerenes Cutting, grinding and drilling tools are coated. All C atoms linked by covalent bonds. Bonds connect each C atom with 4 others. All those covalent bonds having to be broken. Graphite Extremely soft and slippery. Lubricant for moving metal parts. Pencil lead mix of graphite & clay Fullerenes Hollow structures of C. Used in medicine and other structures.
Saturated hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon=> A organic compound that contains only C and H atoms. In saturated compounds, all bonds are ‘single’ bonds. Saturated compounds also called ‘alkanes’. All alkanes end with –ane. The properties of alkanes depend on the number of carbon atoms and how they are arranged.
Straight chain alkanes See Figure 4, p.264 Methane, Propane, Pentane, Octane Branched chains Isomers=> Cmpds with the same molecular formula, but different structural formulas. Example: Butane & isobutane Different structures affect properties Butane boils @ -0.5oC & Isobutane boils @ -11.7oC The more C atoms, the more possible isomers.
Rings Simply a chain of carbon atoms linked together at the ends. Most ring alkanes have 5 or 6 carbon atoms. The prefix cyclo- is used in front of the name. Examples: cyclobutane cyclopentane cyclohexane
Unsaturated hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons that contain 1 or more double/triple bonds. Three types unsaturated hydrocarbons Alkenes Alkynes Aromatic
Alkenes Alkynes Aromatics Have 1 or more C-C double bonds. Names always end in –ene. Alkynes Straight or branch chained Have 1 or more C-C triple bonds. Names always end in –yne. Ethyne = Acetylene Used for welding Aromatics Alternating single & double bonds within a ring. Name chosen because many of its compound give off strong aromas and odors.
Fossil fuels Mixtures of hydrocarbons that formed from the remains of plants & animals from millions of years ago. 3 types of fossil fuels Coal Solid form Produced from ferns in swamps about 300 million years ago. Natural gas Remains of ancient marine organisms. Methane, ethane, propane, butane Found with deposits of coal and petroleum. Petroleum Liquid known as ‘crude oil’. Broken down into simpler mixtures like gasoline & heating oil.
9.3 Polymers Polymer=> Large molecule that is formed when many smaller molecules are linked together by covalent bonds. Monomer=> The little molecule that makes a polymer. Analogy: Railroad cars that are linked together to form a long train. (Cars = Monomers; entire train = Polymer)