Psychology What makes us Human?

And his theory of motivation Sigmund Freud And his theory of motivation

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Who was he? Sigmund Freud was a neurologist (1856-1939) who made many contributions to the field of psychology Freud is most known for his method of PSYCHOANALYSIS: the patient comes to an understanding of his problems by answering a series of probing questions from the therapist. First, Freud would use hypnosis- by putting the conscious to sleep, the problems rooted in the subconscious can come to light. The patient will wake up and have awareness of his problems. He will then be treated with psychoanalysis.

Freud’s motivation theory Freud believed that the operation of the brain is controlled by three elements: EGO: The conscious part of the mind, the part that we are aware of, the part where decisions are made ID: The unconscious part of the mind that seeks to bring pleasure to us SUPEREGO: This is the moral aspect of the mind- our conscience- it tells us what we should and should not do

Basically the id tells us what we want, the superego reminds us what we should do and the ego makes the decision The id and superego are constantly at war. The job of the ego is to find a compromise between the two

Example of Dilemma

Effects of excessive control of ID: too self-centred, take what they want, childish, inferior Effects of excessive control of SUPEREGO: too other-centred, too proper, worry about how they and others should behave, arrogant, superior Effects of dominant EGO: playful but not reckless, responsible but not rigid.

Oedipus/Electra Complex

Oedipus/ Electra Complex Freud proposed that all children experience a desire to have a sexual relationship with their parent of the opposite sex. Boys want to have sex with their mothers (Oedipus Complex) and girls with their fathers (Electra Complex). The child wants to eliminate the parent of the same sex who stands as a rival for the affections of the opposite-sex parent. For example, a young boy may wish that his father was dead so that he could have his mother to himself. This desire comes from the id and therefore is unconscious. The superego tries to convince the ego to say no. The ego fears the consequences of expressing this desire and realizes that these drives cannot be satisfied directly. As a result, it holds the original sexual feeling within the unconscious and seeks partial satisfaction for it. The ego gets a bit of satisfaction by spending more time with the parent of the same sex- the rival. Boys try to b as much like their fathers as they can and girls try to be as much like their mothers. By being similar to the same-sex parent, children can vicariously enjoy the love that the opposite sex parent expresses for the same sex parent.

Freudian Slip

What is it??? According to Freud, unconscious desires can be seen in mistakes while speaking… For example: My son is under the doctor’s care and should not take gym class. Please execute him. Please excuse Jimmy for being. It was his father’s fault.

Complex Motivation Humans have a variety of factors shaping their behaviour

Ability to Reason This has determined human survival and development

Communication Its importance in human progress. We have the ability to communicate in a highly sophisticated manner using bother verbal and non-verbal methods

Reason for behaviour that satisfies needs & works towards specific goals. In other words…why we do the things we do! Motivation We all have certain “needs”- for food, money, love ect. If we are deprived of something we need, it will arouse a feeling called a drive. This drive will make us want to fulfill the need. When the need is fulfilled, the drive leaves us. Eventually, however, another need will return. This pattern is called the MOTIVATION CYCLE. Our needs come from both innate and learned influences. For example, the need for food would be innate while having a beautiful house would be learned. VS

Another Motivation Theory… Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

In the late 1950s, Abraham Maslow developed a hierarchical theory of human needs. Maslow was a humanistic psychologist who believed that people are not controlled by mechanical forces (the stimuli and reinforcement forces of behaviourism) or the unconscious instinctual impulses of psychoanalysis alone. In other words, he felt that Freud’s and other scientists’ theories of motivation were lacking. Maslow focused on human potential, believing that humans are motivated to reach the highest levels of their capabilities. Maslow set up a hierarchical theory of needs in which all the basic needs are at the bottom, and the needs concerned with man’s highest potential are at the top. The hierarchic theory is often represented as a pyramid, with the larger, lower levels representing the lower needs, and the upper point representing the need for self-actualization. Each level of the pyramid is dependent on the previous level. For example, a person does not feel the second need until the demands of the first have been satisfied.

Rules to his theory… Needs must be met in order from bottom to top A need does not exist until the ones beneath it are mastered Once we master a need, we can go back and “play” at previous levels

Level One: Survival Needs These needs are biological and consist of the need for oxygen, food, water, and a relatively constant body temperature. These needs are the strongest because if deprived, the person would die.

Level Two: Safety & Security Needs Except in times of emergency or periods of disorganization in the social structure (such as widespread rioting) adults do not experience their security needs. Children however, often display signs of insecurity and their need to be safe.

Level 3: Social (Love & Belonging) Needs People have needs to escape feelings of loneliness and alienation and give (and receive) love, affection, and the sense of belonging.

Level 4: Ego (Respect & Esteem) Needs People need a stable, firmly based, high level of self-respect, and respect from others in order to feel satisfied, self confident, and valuable. If these needs are not met, the person feels inferior, weak, helpless, and worthless.

Level 5: Self-Actualization/Fulfillment Maslow describes self-actualization as an ongoing process. Self-actualizing people are involved in a cause outside their own skin. They are devoted, work at something; something very precious to them- some calling or vocation.

Maslow believes the only reason that people would not move through the needs to self-actualization is because of the hindrances placed in their way by society. For example, education can be a hindrance or can promote personal growth. Maslow indicated that the educational process could take some of the steps below to promote personal growth:

We should teach people to be authentic; to be aware of their inner selves and to hear their inner-feeling voices We should teach people to transcend their own cultural conditioning, and become world citizens We should help people discover their vocation in life, their calling, fate, or destiny. This is especially focused upon finding the right career and the right mate We must see that the person’s basic needs are satisfied. That includes safety, belongingness and esteem needs We should refresh consciousness, teaching the person to appreciate beauty and the other good things in nature and in living.