Earth and Space Science MCAS Review Earth and Space Science

Layers of the Earth Hot convecting mantle Dense Metallic Core Copy drawing above

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Heat Transfer through Earth 1. Radiation: electromagnetic radiation generated by the thermal motion of charged particles in matter. Ex. UV Rays Microwaves MRI Lightbulbs

Heat Transfer through Earth 2. Convection: fluid by the tendency of hotter and less dense material to rise, and colder, denser material to sink under the influence of gravity, which results in transfer of heat. Ex. Boiling Water Movement of material in the mantle Rising of hot air sinking of cool air caused by heating or cooling unit

Heat and Energy Transfer Conduction: process by which heat energy is transmitted through collisions between neighboring molecules. Ex. Handle gets hot from heating pan energy is transferred from the earth's atmosphere to the air

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Energy Provided from the Sun The sun's energy is the primary source of energy for all surface phenomena and life on Earth Sun’s energy  Earth’s climate

Factors contributing to Climate and Weather Air masses Air fronts Ocean Currents: Coriolis Effect Trade winds Temperature

Air Masses Continental Polar Marine Tropical

Air Fronts Draw diagrams in notes Cold front: Cold air takes over warm Aggressive stormy weather Warm front: Warm air takes over cold Clouds and eventually precipitation

Ocean Currents Contribute to Weather and Climate Ocean current is a continuous, directed movement of seawater generated by forces acting upon this mean flow, such as breaking waves, wind, the Coriolis effect, temperature and salinity differences Tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the Sun and Moon.

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Earth’s Crustal Plates Crustal plates form the outer layer of the Earth. There are seven major plates and many smaller plates. These tectonic plates are formed from the Earth's crust and uppermost part of the mantle.

Earth’s Crustal Plates There are two types of tectonic plates. Continental plates are made primarily of granitic rocks and are much thicker and older. Oceanic plates are thinner and younger. Together these plates form the lithosphere.

Plate Movement Tectonic plates move around the Earth at different speeds caused by heat and movement inside the Earth Scientists monitor plate speed movement using Global Positioning System (GPS) that uses space based satellites to track their movement.

Types of Plate Boundaries Copy pictures into study guide notes

Plate Boundaries and their Creations Convergent: Deep ocean trenches, Mountains, earthquakes, volcanoes Divergent: Valleys, new continental crust, volcanoes Transform: Faults

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