Bioreactors Engineering Course Outline Basics of Cell Biology and Biochemistry Enzymes Enzyme kinetics Immobilized enzymes Fermentation and Cell Culture Cell Growth ; Batch Growth Kinetics Product formation kinetics; Nutrient limitation Ideal Chemostat; Modeling approaches. Design and Analysis of Bioreactors Suspension bioreactors Immobilized cell bioreactors Scale-Up and Optimization of Bioreactors Oxygen Mass Transfer; Mixing; Sterilization Instrumentation and Control

Bioreactors Engineering Enzymes Introduction How Enzymes work Enzyme Kinetics Introduction Simple Enzyme kinetic Steady state assumptions Michel menten kinetic model Models for more complex enzyme kinetic Effect of temp and pH Intsoluble substrate Immoblized enzyme system Large scale production of enzymes Summary Problems

and other storage materials (fats, glycogen). Bioreactors Engineering Enzymes Introduction Living cells are composed of high-molecular weight polymeric compounds such as proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, lipids and other storage materials (fats, glycogen).

Bioreactors Engineering Enzymes Introduction A typical bacterial cell wall contains polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids; cell cytoplasm contains protein mostly in the form of enzymes. In Eukaryotes, the cell nucleus contains nucleic acids mostly in the form of DNA. In addition to these biopolymers, cell contain other metabolites in the form of inorganic salts ( ), metabolic intermediates ( acetate) and vitamins. The elemental composition of a typical bacterial cell is; 50 % Carbon 20 % Oxygen 14 % Nitrogen 8 % Hydrogen 3 % Phosphorus 1 % Sulfur with small amount of and vitamins

Bioreactors Engineering STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A BACTERIAL CELL v v Cell Wall protects the cell and gives shape, made up of polysaccharides

Bioreactors Engineering Enzymes Introduction Enzymes

Bioreactors Engineering Enzymes Introduction Proteins are the most abundant organic molecules in living cells, constituting 40 % to 80 % of their dry weight. Proteins are polymers built from amino acid monomers. Proteins typical have molecular weights of 6000 to several hundred thousand. The α- amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and contain at least one carboxyl group and one α- amino group, but they are differ from each other in the structure of their R groups or side chains.

Bioreactors Engineering Enzymes Introduction The general structure of an α-amino acid, with the amino group on the left and The carboxyl group on the right R represents a side chain specific to each amino acid. The carbon atom next to the carbonyl group is called the α–carbon and amino acids with a side chain bonded to this carbon are referred to as α-amino acida.

Bioreactors Engineering Enzymes Introduction Amino acids are usually classified by the properties of their side chain into four groups. The side chain can make an amino acid a weak acid or a weak base, and a hydrophile if the side chain is polar or a hydrophobe if it is nonpolar.

Proteins have different biological functions; Bioreactors Engineering Enzymes Introduction Proteins have different biological functions; 1. Structural proteins: Glycoproteins, Collagen, Keratin. 2. Catalytic proteins: Enzymes. 3. Transport proteins : Hemoglobin, serum, albumin. 4. Regulatory proteins : Hormones (insulin, growth hormone). 5. Protective proteins : antibodies, thrombin.

Bioreactors Engineering Enzymes Introduction Proteins have two major types of conformation; 1. Fibrous proteins and 2. Globular proteins

Bioreactors Engineering Enzymes Introduction

Bioreactors Engineering Enzymes Introduction

Amino acids have acidic ( ) and basic ( ) groups. The acidic Bioreactors Engineering Enzymes Introduction Amino acids have acidic ( ) and basic ( ) groups. The acidic group is neutral at low pH ( ) and negatively charged at high pH ( ). At intermediate pH values, an amino acid has positively and negatively charged groups, a dipolar molecule called a zwitterion.

Bioreactors Engineering Enzymes Introduction

Bioreactors Engineering Enzymes The chemical structures of the twenty-one standard amino acids,

Bioreactors Engineering Enzymes

Bioreactors Engineering Enzymes Ends of Proteins