Review Questions What event forced the United States to enter WWII? On what date did this occur? What did FDR call this day? What now must the United States do?

AIM: How did the United States mobilize for WWII?

Conversion of Society The US must convert from peacetime to a wartime society – What does a nation need to fight a war? Need: Materials (weapons, food, uniforms, medical supplies, etc) Manpower $$ Money $$ Support! GOAL: out produce Axis

How does the 2nd graph help explain how the production miracle was possible?

Materials Industrial Response Factories convert & built: civilian to war production War production: tanks, planes, machine guns, warships, cargo ships – record speed! The U.S.S. Missouri sits at a shipyard.

Materials War Production Board (WPB): decide which companies convert production allocate raw materials collection of recyclable materials Sacrifices & rationing: meat, butter, clothing, gas Office of Scientific Research & Development Improved Radar and Sonar – Developed miracle drugs and developed the Atomic Bomb http://www.diggerhistory.info/pages-posters/american2.htm

A poster urging people to save paper for the war effort.

Manpower – On the Home front Workforce: unemployment ends -7 million more jobs 18 mil. jobs to war effort by 1944 Women: 5 mil. in male jobs1/3 of the jobs 60 % of men’s pay: no security - “Rosie the Riveter”

Manpower - Military Selective Service - the GI After PH: 5 mil. men vol. for military 10 mil. more drafted: meet needs of two-front war Expanding the Military Women’s Army Corps (WAC): noncombat positions – 216,000

Poster for the Waves, a department for women in the U.S. Navy.

Mexican-American platoon in training at Fort Benning, Georgia Manpower - Military Thousands of Mex-Amer, Chinese-Amer, Japanese-Amer, Native- Amer join military 1 mil. African Americans serve: live, work in segregated units Mexican-American platoon in training at Fort Benning, Georgia

$$ Money $$ Economic Controls Office of Price Administration (OPA): freezes prices, fights inflation Higher taxes, purchase of war bonds lower demand for scarce goods

Support Propaganda! – Everything focused on the war effort! Movies Posters Radio mags paper

Wartime Paranoia Internment of Japanese-Americans Hawaian government forced to order internment (confinement) of Japanese [1942] FDR signs removal of Japanese-Americans in four states Army forces 110,000 into – “relocation camps” Relocated – lost property 1988 - $20,000 http://www.geocities.com/allmyluvisurs/1.html

Wartime Paranoia –Japanese Internment Executive Order 9066 – authorizes the internment of Japanese. Matter of national security California, where many Japanese-Americans lived, was considered to be vulnerable to attack by Japanese forces. The US government alleged that Japanese-Americans were instrumental in arranging the attack on Pearl Harbor. the Japanese were more visible than German-Americans and Italian-Americans. Nisei: Born in USA – Japanese Ancestry – 2/3 of those in the camps Korematsu v. US (1944) Justified – “military necessity” not racial

Reasons California, was considered to be vulnerable to attack by Japanese forces. The US government alleged that Japanese-Americans were instrumental in arranging the attack on Pearl Harbor. Bias: Japanese were more visible than German-Americans and Italian-Americans.

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Mobilizing for Defense 1 SECTION Mobilizing for Defense Americans Join the War Effort Selective Service and the GI After Pearl Harbor, 5 million men volunteer for military service 10 million more drafted to meet needs of two-front war Expanding the Military • General George Marshall—Army Chief of Staff—calls for women’s corps • Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC)—women in noncombat positions • Thousands enlist; “auxiliary” dropped, get full U. S. army benefits Image Continued . . . NEXT

Recruiting and Discrimination 1 SECTION continued Americans Join the War Effort Recruiting and Discrimination Minority groups are denied basic citizenship rights Question whether they should fight for democracy in other countries Dramatic Contributions 300,000 Mexican Americans join armed forces 1 million African Americans serve; live, work in segregated units 13,000 Chinese Americans and 33,000 Japanese Americans serve 25,000 Native Americans enlist Image NEXT

A Production Miracle The Industrial Response 1 SECTION A Production Miracle The Industrial Response Factories convert from civilian to war production Shipyards, defense plants expand, new ones built Produce ships, arms rapidly - use prefabricated parts - people work at record speeds Image Continued . . . NEXT

Mobilization of Scientists 1 SECTION continued A Production Miracle Labor’s Contribution Nearly 18 million workers in war industries; 6 million are women Over 2 million minorities hired; face strong discrimination at first • A. Philip Randolph, head of Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters • Organizes march on D.C.; FDR executive order forbids discrimination Mobilization of Scientists Office of Scientific Research and Development— technology, medicine • Manhattan Project develops atomic bomb NEXT

The Federal Government Takes Control 1 SECTION The Federal Government Takes Control Economic Controls • Office of Price Administration (OPA) freezes prices, fights inflation • Higher taxes, purchase of war bonds lower demand for scarce goods • War Production Board (WPB) says which companies convert production - allocates raw materials - organizes collection of recyclable materials Image Rationing • Rationing—fixed allotments of goods needed by military NEXT