Organic Compounds The BIG Four

Before we talk about the “Big 4”, let’s define a few terms… Macro Polymer Monomer

MACRO What do these words mean? Micro So What Is A Macromolecule? A BIG molecule!

What does “Mono” mean? 1

Next Word…POLYMER "Poly" Means... MANY Polygons (many sides) Polygamy (many wives)

Polymers & Monomers EXAMPLE of POLYMER MONOMER A TRAIN ? Here are some analogies to better understand what polymers and monomers are…. EXAMPLE of POLYMER MONOMER A TRAIN ? A PEARL NECKLACE If the train is the whole polymer, what would be the small groups that make up the train? If the necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers that make up the necklace?

A Polymer Here are some analogies to better understand what polymers and monomers are…. EXAMPLE of POLYMER MONOMER A TRAIN THE CARS A PEARL NECKLACE EACH PEARL If the train is the whole polymer, what would be the small groups that make up the train? If the necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers that make up the necklace?

There are FOUR important biochemical molecules Now we are ready to begin our study of... The Big Four There are FOUR important biochemical molecules

When studying these biochemical molecules, we are interested in finding out….. what they do for living things. what they generally look like. what their monomers are. and how they may help the body gain energy to sustain life.

CARBOHYDRATES

CARBOHYDRATES WHAT THEY DO: They are the main source for the body to gain energy. They are our fuel! They function in short-term energy storage for animals and plants

CARBOHYDRATES WHERE THEY ARE FOUND: In plant foods - in the cell walls of plants - fruits, vegetables In animal products - in milk Cookies, candy, fruits, sugar, breads, potatoes, vegetables

Each carbohydrate is made up of… CARBOHYDRATES AT THE ATOM LEVEL Each carbohydrate is made up of… Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen THINK: “CHO”

Glucose is called a monosaccharide CARBOHYDRATES MADE UP OF... Carbohydrates are chains (polymers) made of monomers. The most common monomer of carbohydrates is… Glucose is called a monosaccharide GLUCOSE

LIPIDS

LIPIDS WHAT THEY DO: Source of STORED ENERGY INSULATE the body to maintain normal body temperature CUSHION the internal organs for protection. Produce hormones for the body called STERIODS Waterproof surfaces of animals, plants, and fruits- these are waxes! (Yes, beeswax and your earwax too!)

LIPIDS WHERE THEY ARE FOUND: In plants- in the seeds ---------------------------------- In animals- in adipose tissue, connective tissue ----------------------------------- Lipids make up the cell membrane of all cells. Oils, butter, margarine

Each lipid is made up of… LIPIDS AT THE ATOM LEVEL Each lipid is made up of… Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen THINK: “CHO”

Lipids are shaped like the letter “E” MADE UP OF... Lipids are chains (polymers) made of monomers. The most common monomer of lipids is… Lipids are shaped like the letter “E” TRIGLYCERIDES

PROTEINS

PROTEINS WHAT THEY DO: Major structural molecules in living things for growth and repair: muscles, ligaments, tendons, bones, hair, skin, nails Present in all cell membranes Make antibodies in the immune system Make enzymes for helping chemical reactions Make non-steroid hormones (ex: insulin that breaks down sugar in your bloodstream) Make hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in your blood

PROTEINS In plant foods - in the cell membranes WHERE THEY ARE FOUND: In plant foods - in the cell membranes In animal products - in the cell membranes- in the muscles of living things- cows, chicken, fish… Eggs, fish, chicken, meats, milk, fruits, vegetables, nuts, and grains

Each protein is made up of… PROTEINS AT THE ATOM LEVEL Each protein is made up of… Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen, Nitrogen and sometimes Sulfur THINK: “CHONS”

PROTEINS MADE UP OF... Proteins are made of long chains (polymers) made of monomers. All proteins are made of the monomer… AMINO ACID

The shapes of proteins are like a balled up piece of string Amino Acid chain All wound up How the amino acid folds and its resulting shape determine the specific function of the protein

Enzymes…a special protein example Enzymes speed up chemical reactions (catalysts) They are required for all biochemical reactions Stay tuned…We will learn more about enzymes later in this week!

NUCLEIC ACIDS

NUCELIC ACIDS DNA RNA WHAT THEY DO: Is our genetic material. Chromosomes are made of DNA. Chromosomes contain the “recipes” to make proteins for your body. RNA Reads the DNA “protein recipes” and makes the proteins for your body.

“DNA” is short for DeoxyriboNucleic Acid You may have heard of… DNA “DNA” is short for DeoxyriboNucleic Acid Now you know why they just call it DNA! Another common type is RNA (RiboNucleic Acid)

NUCELIC ACIDS In every living cell, often in the nucleus WHERE THEY ARE FOUND: In every living cell, often in the nucleus

Each nucleic acid is made up of… NUCLEIC ACIDS AT THE ATOM LEVEL Each nucleic acid is made up of… Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen, Nitrogen and Phosphorus THINK: “CHONP”

Something we will learn more about when we study DNA NUCLEIC ACIDS MADE UP OF... Nucleic Acids are chains (polymers) made of monomers. Nucleic acids are made up of Nucleotides Something we will learn more about when we study DNA

In interesting point…three out of the 4 types of biochemical macromolecules can be found on food nutrition labels…

The 3 biochemical molecules found on a nutrition label are: Look at the label to the left. 3 of the 4 macromolecules can be found in foods. The 3 biochemical molecules found on a nutrition label are: FAT a.k.a. lipids 1____________________ 2____________________ 3____________________ (0 grams in this product) Carbohydrates (13 grams in this product) Protein (9 grams in this product)

Resources www.bio.kimunity.com www.slideshare.net/guest13161d/big-4-macromolecules Repacholi, Stephen. www.slideshare.net/chalkie28/biological-molecules Mr. J. Willis, science teacher, Hibriten High School Miller, Ken and Joe Levine. Prentice hall Biology. Pearson Education Inc. New Jersey, 2005.