Hayt et. al. Chapters 1 - 5

- Vab the potential difference experienced by moving from point b to point a, can be determined by moving from b to a along any circuit path and adding algebraically the potential differences encountered across each circuit element along the path Simple Example: - moving from b to a through R we get: Vb + iR = Va Vab = Va – Vb = iR = choosing the path through the voltage source and r : Vb + e - ir = Va Vab = e – ir = The actual voltage from the battery Vab is only equal to its e; - if r = 0 (i.e. if it is an ideal voltage source) or - if R = ∞ (i.e. no load is connected to it).

Use KVL Use KCL

Use KVL Use KCL

6 kW → 40 V

Voc’ = 30(12/18) = 20 V

Voc’’ = 40 V

Voc’’’ = -7x15 = -105

Vt = Voc’ + Voc’’ + Voc’’’ = 20+40-105 = -45 Req = (6//12)+11+5 = 4+16 = 20

I → + Rin V - Assume RL = ∞ Rin = V/I

←I + V - Assume RS = 0 RO = V/I

Ideal Case V

Ideal Case V Source Resistance V

Ideal Case V Load Resistance V

Ideal Case V Source and Load Resistance V