Influencia del latín en la lengua inglesa. Préstamos y calcos La romanización Influencia del latín en la lengua inglesa. Préstamos y calcos

Outer history English (historical divisions)

Foreign influences

Teutonic language Germanic branch of IE Celtic Latin Scandinavian Later additions (borrowings) Celtic Latin Scandinavian French Greek etc.

PATER – FRATER – OCTO – PISCIS OE eahta fish water OE fisc eight bread flesh father OE fader can milk brother OE broder cognates: all of them Grimm’s Law: new set of voiceless fricatives PATER – FRATER – OCTO – PISCIS Verner’s Law

Variation & change Potential Implementation Diffusion

Variation & change (example) Systemic development Variation & change (example) ON tacan OE niman potential Co-existence Died out change implementation

The Roman Conquest 55 BC Julius Caesar  invasion of Britain Use of Latin: not so widespread  restricted to upper classes Evidence: Chester, Manchester, Chichester, London (Londinium)

No standard language The Germanic Conquest 449: Jutes, Saxons, Angles, Frisians (Denmark, Low Countries) Four kingdoms  dialectal areas Northumbria Mercian West Saxon: King Alfred Kentish All varieties involved in the making of English as we know IT today No standard language

Shakespeare wrote in Early Modern English The periods of English Old English (450-1150) or (≈450-1066) Middle English (1150-1500) or (1066-1476) Modern English (1500-C19TH) Shakespeare wrote in Early Modern English Present Day English OE/King Alfred  se nama ME/Chaucer  e naam (variants  i nam, i naim, e name ModE/Shakespeare  the name (yet pronunciation has not changed entirely as we know it today.

Latin influences Stage 0 : The Romans & the Celts Stage 1: Christianisation Stage 2: The Germanic Stage 3: The French & the Church

Chronology [ketSn] [kytSn] [kitSn] Palatalisation i-umlaut castra  Chester i-umlaut cuquina  kitchen Diphthongisation (Front) caesus > caesi > ceasi > ciese [kUkIna]> [kykIna]> [kytSIna]> [kytSn]> [ketSn] kechen [kytSn] kuchen [kitSn] kichen/kychen [kytSn]>

The Celts (Latin) Place names  castra

Christianisation (Latin) Apostle nun cabbage Pope offer lentil Archbishop organ pear Bishop synod raddish Priest relic lobster Abbot temple mussel Shrine tunic myrrh Mass apostle pine Alms pope savory Altar spend school Angel exchange grammar Candle dictate title Canon turn laurel Cleric verse cucumber Deacon meter plaster Disciple accent medicine Hymn history scorpion Litany paper paralysis Martyr term coriander

Germanic tribes (Latin) Battle: camp, weall, mil, straet Trade: pund, mynet (coin), ceap (cheap) Domestic: mese, cuppe, disc Food: cisten (chestnut), pise (pea) Arts: cealc (chalk), tigele (tile) Miscellaneous: cirice, biscop, casere

The Norman Conquest French influence

Latin influence in the Middle and beyond Through French Through Literature & Church Terms related to medicine, fashion, meals, theology, literature, learning, etc Synonyms at three levels Other Romance languages

Influencia del francés en la lengua inglesa. Préstamos y calcos La conquista normanda Influencia del francés en la lengua inglesa. Préstamos y calcos

Influence on ME syntax A thynge inmortal, poem unlimited (Hamlet) The which (el cual) come singing (inf. + gerund) Massive use of prepositions Prepositional phrases: by cause, in fact Do: How does my lord? Do as causative Take + lexical item: take advantage, take leave Mes corps  me, you, etc. Later, somebody, anybody, etc.

Stages of French influence First stage: before & during C13TH Decay of the English Language Second stage: after & during C13TH Rise & Triumph of the English Language

Vocabulary Couplets Synonyms at three levels Knowledge of classical languages Ink-horn terms controversy