The Language of Anatomy ORIENTATION The Language of Anatomy

Anatomy- study of the structure of body parts Gross / Macroscopic -Regional -Systemic Microscopic -Cytology- anatomy of cells -Histology- anatomy of tissues

Physiology- study of the function of the structural parts Operations of organ systems and between cells involves chemistry and physics chemical concentrations, electrical currents, pressures and movements

The Principle of Complementarity Function always reflects structure- “Form follows Function”

Structural Organization- levels Atoms Molecules Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organism

Functions of Life Maintain Boundaries Movement Response to Stimuli Digestion Metabolism Excretion Reproduction Growth

To Maintain Life: Nutrients Oxygen Water Normal Body Temperature Atmospheric Pressure

Homeostasis The ability to maintain a relatively stable internal condition as external conditions change

Homeostasis is controlled primarily by the Endocrine and Nervous systems Stimuli --> Receptor --> Afferent Pathway --> Control Center -->Efferent Pathway --> Effector

Feedback Control Negative Feedback -effector turns stimuli off Positive Feedback -effector makes stimuli stronger

Anatomical Position Body erect, limbs extended palms facing forward feet together

Surfaces of Body Front = anterior or ventral surface Back = posterior or dorsal surface Side = lateral surface

Planes (Cuts / Sections) Sagittal Mid Sagittal-plane divides body into equal right and left halves Parasagittal-plane parallel to mid- sagittal plane (unequal halves)

Transverse / Horizontal Divides body into upper and lower parts, superior and inferior same as horizontal

Frontal (Coronal) Divides body into anterior and posterior parts

POSITION Lateral = toward side Medial = toward mid-line Superior = above (towards head) Inferior = below (towards tail)

Proximal = near beginning of limb Distal = near end of limb Superficial = near surface Deep = deep to surface

Cavities Lined by membranes Membrane against cavity wall = parietal Membrane against organ = visceral

Dorsal Cavity Cranial Spinal (vertebral)

Ventral Cavity Thoracic Cavity: -Pericardial -Pleural Abdominopelvic Cavity: -Abdominal -Pelvic

Quadrants Upper Right Upper Left Lower Right Lower Left The abdominopelvic cavity is divided into quadrants (4) Upper Right Upper Left Lower Right Lower Left

Regions

Radiography X-Rays- short electromagnetic waves Dense structures absorb x-rays = light Fat, Hollow, areas absorb less = dark

Radiography CT- computerized tomography -forms a dime thin transverse section -eliminates images of overlapping structures

Radiography DSR- dynamic spatial reconstruction -3-D image -shows organ movement and volume (ex: heart) DSA- digital subtraction angiography-used to ID blockages (blood clots) -also called angiography

Radiography PET- Positron Emission Topography -tagged molecules are absorbed by the most active brain cells -gives a live action picture of brain activity -used for strokes, epilepsy, Alzheimer’s Huntington’s

Normal vs. Patient with Parkinson’s

Sonography Ultrasound- uses sound waves, echo -little value at examining air filled structures -safe, cheap

Magnetic Resonance Images Subjects the body to magnetic fields up to 60,000X stronger than the earth’s magnetic field (can be dangerous) Makes H2 molecules spin, enhancing their energy translates into a high contrast image of soft tissue

MRI Good for soft tissue (the most H2O) can see difference between fatty white matter and gray matter (brain) can see nerves in spinal cord dense skull does not appear detects tumors and degenerative diseases

MRI of cervical spine (neck)-herniated disc