Macbeth Theme of Kingship

Kingship is one of the central themes of the play King = God’s representative on earth Shakespeare highlights the potential of kingship for good and evil. The welfare of the state depends on the legitimacy of the king,

Lawful and good kings bring order and stability. Duncan and Malcolm are lawful and virtuous kings. Macbeth is a usurper (someone who steals the throne), whose reign brings only disorder.

Macduff and Malcolm discuss the qualities a good King should have Macduff and Malcolm discuss the qualities a good King should have. Note that Macbeth does not have any of these qualities. “Justice Verity (truth) Temperance Stableness (consistency) Bounty (generosity) Perseverance Mercy Lowliness (humility) Devotion Patience Courage Fortitude”

Duncan is a lawful and good King of Scotland How do we know this?: He has defeated his enemies. The loyalty and bravery of his army is proof of his leadership Justly punishes those who betray him (Thane of Cawdor) Rewards and praises Macbeth and Banquo. Generous to his hostess Even Macbeth acknowledges that he has “been so clear in his great office” His murder is seen as a crime against God.

King Edward (English King) Described as “Pious” and “Holy” Provides Malcolm and Macduff with the army to overthrow Macbeth. Contrast between his rule and Macbeth’s rule striking. Edward means blessing and healing Macbeth means disorder and sickness

Macbeth the Usurper He murders the lawful and just king to claim the throne. The murder upsets the entire natural order, strange happenings occur.

Duncan is comfortable as king but Macbeth never enjoys kingship How do we know this?: Full of doubt and insecurity His mind “full of scorpions” Even envies Duncan who now “sleeps well” Inspires no loyalty Linked with darkness and sickness.

Malcolm as King Possesses the qualities of king. Brings Scotland back to its natural order at the end of the play when the evil usurper Macbeth is killed and Malcolm becomes king.