Interactive Notebook Setup 2/8/2018 Spanish Labor Systems Comparison This will be one page

Interactive Notebook Setup 2/8/2018 Ming Dynasty and Trade This will be one page

Background and Government Chinese Exploration Trade and Isolation

Background and Government Peasant rebellion overthrew Yuan Dynasty 1368–1644 Under Ming rule China expanded into Mongolia, central Asia, and briefly to Vietnam using cannon power

Background and Government The Ming Dynasty brought back the merit based bureaucracy and centralized gov of earlier dynasties Reinstated Confucian Civil Service Exam The Ming Dynasty is noted for implementing a much harder civil service exam than previous dynasties Leading to better bureaucrats

Background and Government Mandarin adopted as the official language of the state in order to unify In reality to ease communication between multiple provinces that spoke many different language as Yuan control and periods of division Supported pure form of Confucianism and Neo-Confucianism dominated state philosophy

Background and Government During the Ming Dynasty the Great Wall of China was also greatly expanded Most of what we now think of as the Great Wall of China was constructed during the Ming Dynasty

The Great Wall Origins before 4th century BCE, ruins from Qin dynasty in 3rd century BCE Rebuilt under Ming rule, 15th-16th centuries 1,550 miles, 33-49 feet high Guard towers Room for housing soldiers

Background and Government After tension and in fighting in the early years of the Ming Dynasty Yongle Emperor (Zhu Di) moved the capital of the Emperor to Beijing in early 15th Cent He constructed a palace that would become known as the Forbidden City from 1406-1420 Display of Imperial power The Forbidden City would serve as the center of Chinese government until the mid-1900’s

The Forbidden City The Forbidden City covers 178 acres in Beijing – built in the 1400s (Ming Dynasty) Maze of offices and apartments Stately halls for official banquets, ceremonies, imperial audiences Off-limits to commoners, hence “Forbidden City” In 1949 the palace complex was converted to a museum and opened to the public

Chinese Exploration Goals: Display prestige, wealth and superiority of Chinese civilization Enroll distant peoples and states in the Chinese tribute system Bring back exotic goods from foreign lands (ex: zebras, giraffes, etc.) Exert Chinese control over foreign trade

Chinese Exploration Largest voyages were led by Zheng He 300 ships; 27,000 crew members; variety of different people on board He made 7 voyages between 1405 and 1433 Established for China 20 tributary and diplomatic relations

Voyages of Zheng He

Compare Zheng Ho’s ship to Columbus’

Chinese Exploration After the voyages of Zheng He the Ming began a policy of isolation regarding trade and expeditions in mid-1450’s Based on Confucian mistrust of merchants This likely had much to do with conflict with the Mongols and other peoples from the Asian Steppes

Trade and Isolation Renovated the Grand Canal So grain could be shipped from southern to northern China Columbian Exchange crops limited famines and increased population Corn and Potatoes These combined factors helped the Ming establish itself as a powerful regional force

Trade and Isolation Meant that trade needed to be run exclusively through the Ming government starting in 1500 There was a great deal of illegal private trade taking place, which upset the Ming Foreign nation had to pay tribute to China for the right to purchase costly Chinese luxury products such as silk and porcelain

Trade and Isolation Official exports could only occur in three ports Some nations were barred from trading at all, while others were limited in when they could trade Japan, for example could only enter one of the three ports and only do so every ten years Exported Silk, Porcelain, and Ginger

Economics and Isolation The Portuguese arrived in China in 1514, marking the first contact with Europe since the voyage of Marco Polo The Portuguese sent a formal ambassador to establish official relations with China, also in 1514 The same year Portuguese trading pirates arrived and began interacting with Chinese merchants These pirates built an illegal fort which was destroyed by the Chinese

Economics and Isolation By 1557 the Chinese government granted the Portuguese trading rights on the peninsula of Macao, in the south of Canton

Economics and Isolation

Economics and Isolation In 1565 the Spanish took control of the Philippines and had a hub to compete with Portugal for Chinese trade Spain quickly became the dominate European power in the region

Trade and Isolation HUGE flow of silver into China Especially from Spain and Japan European nations essentially served as carriers or middlemen for Chinese goods

Trade and Isolation There was much conflict among the European powers to attempt to gain favor with China The Portuguese, Spanish, and the Dutch vied for control of Chinese exports All three served as middlemen for trading at some point

Trade and Isolation With the development of European relations China had established itself as the center of the worlds economy with goods flowing from China to rest of the world China had little need for any of the goods created in the rest of the world, so they simply exported and stockpiled profits