Unit 1: Cellular Biology The Chemistry of Life (Nutrients)

(This is similar to bricks creating a wall.) Organic Compounds Molecules which contain both carbon and hydrogen, usually with a backbone of carbon. Small subunits are joined together to make larger molecules. (This is similar to bricks creating a wall.)  form monomers  polymers (small molecules) (large molecules) These large molecules are called macromolecules or macronutrients. (e.g. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids) 

Nutrients Macronutrients Micronutrients Nutrients are needed by all organisms for 1. __________ and 2. ______________ energy building blocks There are two types of nutrients: macronutrients and micronutrients. Macronutrients carbohydrates proteins lipids (fats) water Micronutrients vitamins minerals

. Carbohydrates 1. Carbohydrates: Contain the elements _____, _____, _____ monomer = _______________ diagram: (building block) function: ______________ C H O glucose ring or straight chain energy

Carbohydrates Simple Sugars (monosaccharides &disaccharides) sugars and starches are the main source, come from plants, and provide energy for animals There are 2 types of carbohydrates: Simple Sugars (monosaccharides &disaccharides) Complex Sugars (polysaccharides)

Simple Sugars (Simple Carbohydrates) Monosaccharides: glucose, fructose (fruits), galactose (milk) “saccharide” means sugar prefix “mono” means one  monosaccharides are made of one sugar molecule   e.g. glucose straight chain ring form

Simple Sugars (Simple Carbohydrates) Disaccharides: maltose (beer, 2 glucose), lactose (milk, glucose + galactose), sucrose (table sugar, glucose + fructose) prefix “di” means two, disaccharides are made of two sugars single sugars combine to form double sugars

Complex Carbohydrates . Complex Carbohydrates Polysaccharides prefix “poly” means many, polysaccharides have many sugars Plants and animals cannot directly store glucose in their cells because __________________________________________. Plants change glucose into ________ and use it for energy storage while animals store it as_________ in the liver. Plants also contain ________, a structural component of cell membranes. All carbohydrates are digested (broken down) into _________________________ before entering the blood stream. it is soluble & would diffuse (flow away out of cell) starch glycogen cellulose monosaccharides (like glucose) 8

Types of Carbohydrates Diagram and Number of Units The Chemistry of Life - Carbohydrates I. Carbohydrates: Types of Carbohydrates Diagram and Number of Units Examples Food Source Specific Function Nutrient Test 1. monosaccharide 1 glucose honey direct fuel for the mitochondria in cells Benedict’s turns blue  orange when heated fructose fruit same as above

Types of Carbohydrates Diagram and Number of Units The Chemistry of Life - Carbohydrates Types of Carbohydrates Diagram and Number of Units Examples Food Source Function Nutrient Test 2. disaccharide 2 sucrose table sugar enzymes break disaccharides into monosaccharides (simple sugars) Benedict’s turns blue  orange/red when heated lactose dairy products monosaccharides for energy

Types of Carbohydrates Diagram and Number of Units The Chemistry of Life - Carbohydrates Types of Carbohydrates Diagram and Number of Units Examples Food Source Function Nutrient Test 3. polysaccharide 1000s starch grains potatoes rice digested into 1000s of monosaccharides for energy how plants store energy iodine makes it turn dark blue (looks black) glycogen liver muscle how animals store energy cellulose cell walls celery tough, insoluble no enzyme to break it down provides roughage to keep you regular ....1000’s

. Proteins 2. Proteins contain the elements ____, ____, ____, ____ ( ____) monomer = _______________ Diagram: (building block) functions: - to build and repair cell structures - involved in chemical activities of the cell as enzymes C H O N S amino acids (a.a.) 12

Proteins Structure: there are 20 amino acid building blocks making up proteins  polypeptides (long chains of amino acids) each amino acid has two special groups: an amino group and a carboxyl group the order of the amino acid determines the type of protein this order is determined by the genes on your DNA the chains of amino acid are organized into folded arrangements or spirals, folded back on one another and also combined with other proteins each protein has a specific arrangement different from all other proteins Levels of Protein Structure http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/Print_Version

The Chemistry of Life - Proteins . The Chemistry of Life - Proteins Proteins: All proteins are digested into ________________ before entering the blood stream. Your body takes these building blocks and makes its own characteristic proteins. 20 different aa’s essential a.a.’s = _______ ______ = non-essential a.a.’s amino acids 8 12 Your body can’t make these so you must consume them in your food. Your body can make these. ex. animal proteins like meat, fish, eggs don’t contain all 8 essential a.a.’s ex. plant proteins like nuts, seeds, beans contain all 8 essential a.a.’s 14

Proteins Denaturation: the shape of a protein can be altered by heat, radiation or change in pH this denaturation causes the protein to uncoil or change shape which affects its function The change can be temporary or permanent

The Chemistry of Life - Proteins II. Proteins: Types of Proteins Examples Specific Function Nutrient Test 1. structural proteins muscles, bone, hair, skin insoluble proteins which make up all body parts Biuret turquoise  violet enzymes found in saliva, gastric juice soluble proteins which speed up chemical reactions in your body 3. hormones testosterone estrogen insulin adrenaline soluble proteins made in glands & carried by the blood to target cells  regulate metabolism

Lipids (Fats) 3. Lipids (Fats) : Contain elements _____, _____, _____ monomers = _______________ & ___________________ functions: 1. energy: twice as much energy as carbohydrates 2. insulation: helps keep heat in & cold out 3. cushions: layer of fat around vital organs 4. storage: long term energy storage 5. cell membrane: major component 6. dissolves fat-soluble vitamins diagram: C H O glycerol 3 fatty acids 17

The Chemistry of Life – Lipids (Fats) III. Lipids (Fats): Types of Lipids Characteristics Examples Dangers Nutrient Test 1. saturated solid at room temperature animal fat i.e. bacon, butter cholesterol arteriosclerosis (arteries harden) atherosclerosis (arteries get clogged) transluscence test 2. unsaturated liquid at room temperature plant fat e.x. olive oil obesity leads to heart attack glycerol & 3 fatty acids All fats are digested into _______________________ before they can enter the body.

Laboratory Experiment Identifying Nutrients

Important Information for the Lab Today we will be doing some lab tests on foods to see if they contain carbohydrates, lipids (fats) and proteins. Part 1: Monosaccharide Test  you have to heat it for the test to work Part 3: Translucence Test  you have to let it dry for the test to work *** Do NOT mix up the droppers from one beaker to another. You will ruin the results for everyone. You may end up putting a nutrient in a container that shouldn’t be there creating a false positive test. Do NOT cross contaminate the beakers. ***

Formal Lab Write Up For this lab you will be handing in a formal lab report. DUE DATE: Thursday September 30 Your lab will include the following parts: Purpose: One for the whole lab, NOT for each part. Observations: One table for each part of lab. Discussion: Answer the discussion questions in full sentences. Conclusion: Summarize the results of the lab in a short paragraph.

Homework Answer questions # 1, 3 – 5, 15 (a, b) on page 35.