Chapter 9: Recognizing Comparison/Contrast and Cause/Effect Patterns Essential Reading Skills, 2/e Kathleen McWhorter © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers.

Comparison/Contrast Patterns Comparison: Explains how items, people, or events are alike. Contrast: Explains how items, people, or events are different. © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers.

Compare & Contrast Two Professors Items A and B: Professor Miller and Professor Wright Similarities: Both require attendance. Both give essay exams. Both are fair. Both have a sense of humor. Differences: Wright grades on term papers. Miller grades on class participation. Wright is younger. Miller is older. © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers.

© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers. Comparison Pattern Item A Item B Similarity 1 Similarity 2 Similarity 3 © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers.

Common Words Used in Comparison Pattern alike same similar similarity like likewise both just as each in common © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers.

© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers. Contrast Pattern Item A Item B Difference 1 Difference 2 © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers.

Common Words Used in Contrast Pattern unlike different difference on the other hand instead in contrast despite nevertheless however but © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers.

© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers. Cause-Effect Pattern Writers use the cause/effect pattern to explain why an event or action causes another event or action. © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers.

Single Cause/Multiple Effects Effect A Cause Effect B Effect C © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers.

Single Cause/Multiple Effects Traffic problems Snowstorm School Closings Accidents © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers.

Multiple Causes/Single Effect Cause A Effect Cause B Cause C © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers.

Multiple Causes/Single Effect Attend class Good Exam Grade Take notes Study the text © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers.

Common Words in Cause/Effect Pattern because consequently because of as a result since one result is due to therefore reasons thus © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers.

© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers. Test-Taking Tip #9: Answering Questions about Comparison-Contrast and Cause and Effect Use transitional words to help you identify the patterns. The topic sentence of a paragraph often reveals or suggests the pattern. If you are having difficulty sorting out causes and effects, try numbering the actions in the order in which they occurred. © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers.

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