DO NOW – US HISTORY What problems would you experience if you had no rights?

Buchanan’s Presidency Buchanan supported popular sovereignty for the territories People hoped the violence had passed

Dred Scott Case Background Dred Scott was a slave whose owner took him to the Free Illinois and Wisconsin Territory for 3 years After returning to Missouri (slave state) Scott’s owner died Scott sued for his freedom claiming that by living in free territory he was free

Judicial Questions of the Case Did Scott have a right to sue? Was Scott free as a result of living in a state and territory where slavery was illegal? Was it constitutional for the Congress to Limit Slavery in the Territories

Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) Results In a 7 to 2 decision - Scott was still a slave and not a citizen Cant Sue Chief Justice Roger Taney - No black person could be a citizen of the U.S “no black person had any rights that a white person needed to honor.” Cant tell slave owners what to do with their “property” Congress had no power to regulate slavery in the territories Missouri Compromise is Unconstitutional

Scott Ruling A deeply divided Supreme Court ruled against Scott in 1857 Chief Justice Roger Taney noted that the 5th Amendment stated that the property rights of persons who held slaves should be protected

Lincoln/Douglas Debates… Series of 7 debates Future of Slavery and the Union Lincoln: “House Divided” speech Douglas – Democrat, favored in 1860 Presidential Election

LINCOLN’S BELIEFS ON SLAVERY He accused President Polk of starting the Mexican-American War to extend slavery. Lincoln believed that Congress had the right to regulate slavery in the territories and in Washington, D.C. However, he thought that only the states had the right to decide on slavery within their borders.

LINCOLN PROPOSES TO END SLAVERY In 1849 Lincoln proposed ending slavery in Washington, D.C., by paying slaveholders to free their slaves. This was called compensated emancipation. It was one solution to many people’s belief that private property rights protected slavery. law.

LINCOLN-DOUGLAS DEBATES The Lincoln-Douglas debates took place in 1858. In what came to be known as the Freeport Doctrine, Douglas said that local legislatures had the power to end slavery. Lincoln spoke of the immorality of slavery. Douglas kept his Senate seat. However, many historians believe Lincoln won the debates. They brought Lincoln national attention. The debates had a direct effect on the presidential election of 1860.

1858 – Lincoln (an unknown) is running for Douglas’s Senate Seat Believes that Slavery is Immoral Opposed the Spread of Slavery Thinks that Legislation is needed to stop the spread of slavery Don’t interfere with slavery where it exists Blacks have the right to liberty and happiness Scott Decision is conspiracy Believes that Slavery is backward economic system – not immoral Should be a local issue Believes that popular sovereignty will eventually undo slavery Slavery wont exist where people don’t want it Freeport Doctrine – People can exclude if they want

End Result… Lincoln “Wins” debates Douglass wins Election (selected by legislature , not voters) Lincoln would become well known

John Brown again… John Brown said there had been enough talk and that action was needed. Brown and some followers wanted to set up a nation of freed slaves in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Theodore Parker and others agreed to finance a raid on a U.S. Arsenal to get weapons to help set up a slave revolt

John Brown in Harpers Ferry Brown rented a farm in MD, across the river from Harpers Ferry Fredrick Douglas tried to tell Brown it would not work. Brown didn’t listen.

Harper’s Ferry – The Plan Sneak over the Potomac Capture the Arsenal Supply Weapons to the slaves States a slave revolution across the South

John Brown’s Raid October 16, 1859—Brown and 21 followers (including 5 African Americans) easily captured the arsenal. Brown sent followers to spread the word to area slaves to rise up in revolt, but no slaves did. In the morning of Oct. 17th, locals with guns trapped Brown inside the arsenal. Some people were killed and others escaped

Aftermath of John Brown’s Raid A company of US Marines arrived under Col. Robert E. Lee Oct. 18th—The Marines stormed the arsenal and captured everyone there. Brown and the followers were tried in VA They were found guilty and sentenced to hang. John Brown’s sentence was carried out on December 2, 1859. He remained committed to his cause to the very end.

1860 Presidential Election √ Abraham Lincoln Republican John Bell Constitutional Union 1860 Presidential Election Stephen A. Douglas Northern Democrat John C. Breckinridge Southern Democrat

1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?!

1860 Election Results

Crittenden Compromise (KY. Sen. John Crittenden Last ditch effort to avoid secession Six new Amendments Extend the 36’30 Line Congress cant interfere with slavery below the line Compensation for Fugitive Slaves No Future amendment could allow Congress to interfere with slavery in slave states Lincoln Rejects it

Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860